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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Process allocation or credits the system boundary with respect to possible upstream processes (e.g. an in- dustrial process whose CO2 emissions are captured). The generally accepted rules require a consistent and transparent approach that is based on engi- neering and physicochemical principles. In cases where such principles are not readily applied, allocation on the basis of economic value (e.g. market price) may be used. The same question arises for multifunctional processes in which the prod- uct at the centre of the life cycle inventory analysis (reference product) is produced together with other coproducts. Allocation means the partition- ing of all process burdens (including the upstream process chain) among all of the coproducts. Here too the ISO-specified hierarchy of approaches ap- plies – with the same limitations. The preferred approach of system expan- sion is often interpreted in terms of ‘avoided burdens’ or ‘credits’. In this ap- proach, allocation is circumvented by issuing credits (negative emissions) for each coproduct whose production was avoided. Consider the case in which electricity is produced as a coproduct. As the emissions normally associated with generating this amount of electricity conventionally were avoided, the avoided environmental burden is issued as a credit. In this approach, there- fore, the multifunctionality is credited completely to the reference product. Such an approach is justifiable provided that the reference product can be shown to be the (economic) driver for the production of all coproducts. The alternative approaches of ‘complex allocation’ and ‘avoided burden credits’ are also discussed by experts in the field in terms of the following two models: • ‘Attributional LCA’: Focuses on the inherent properties (attributes like mass, heat content, market price, etc.) of the materials produced and the use of these properties for allocation purposes. • ‘Consequential LCA’: Focuses on a defined main product and one or more coproducts. As the existence of the coproducts is regarded as a conse- quence of the production of the main product, the benefits associated with them are treated as credit assigned to the main product. Besides the fact that there is still no internationally recognised definition of either term, detailed discussion of all relevant related aspects would be beyond the scope of this report. We simply note at this point that thus far there is no professional consensus regarding the ‘right’ approach to take on this issue. Whichever method is chosen, it is critical that it agrees with the overarching LCA principles of correspondence with the stated goal, consist- ency and transparency. 290PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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