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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Boundaries between systems Annex C to the ILCD Handbook is concerned with the modelling of reuse, recycling and energy recovery from the perspective of the end-of-life prod- uct that is to be reused, recycled or subject to energy recovery. The question of where to draw the system boundary between the first (primary) life cycle and subsequent life cycles developed from end-of-life products has been an- swered by the JRC as follows: • The key indicator is the market value of the end-of-life product. • If the market value is positive (i.e. greater than zero), the end-of-life product is regarded as a co-product of the preceding process or system. • If the market value is negative (i.e. less than zero), the end-of-life product is classified as waste whose treatment is assigned to the system that gen- erated the waste until such time that the waste treatment process gener- ates a (secondary) product or commodity with a positive market value. The critical issue therefore becomes that of defining the precise location of the boundary that determines how environmental burdens are assigned be- tween the primary life cycle and the life cycle of the secondary product. A material that is categorised as waste must not carry over into a subsequent life cycle any burden from the previous waste-generating life cycle. The boundary between the life cycles is that point at which the secondary product or commodity generated from the waste passes the ‘zero market value’ thresh- old. This is illustrated in Figure 113, which is from the ILCD Handbook and shows an example of how post-consumer waste might be allocated. Fig. 113: Allocation of waste when waste treatment yields a secondary product or commodity with a market value: The flow inventory for process Pn, during which the waste material passes across the ‘zero market value’ threshold (MV < 0 to MV ≥ 0), is apportioned by allocating the encircled input and output flows (emissions, waste flows, co-products and consumables) to the ‘1st and 2nd (product) systems’. When applied to the use of CO2 generated as ‘production waste’ from an upstream process (e.g. a power plant or ammonia production unit) there are two possible cases to consider: • Case 1: The CO2 has a negative market value. No environmental burden from the up-stream process is applied to the system that utilises the CO2. 294PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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