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• Case 2: The CO2 has a positive market value. Environmental burdens from the upstream process are assigned to the system in which CO2 is utilised. – If the positive market value is achieved once a specific intermediate step (e.g. a purification stage) has been performed, the upstream chain will need to be incorporated up until the point at which the market val- ue becomes positive. – If the CO2 with positive market value is obtained directly from a mul- tifunctional process, the JRC recommends that allocation is carried out in the conventional way on the basis of physical or other criteria. If the CO2 was specifically produced for the CO2 utilisation stage, it does not have waste status and is fully assigned to the CO2 utilisation stage. On the subject of multifunctional processes, the ILCD Handbook provides comprehensive details on how to implement the specifications in the ISO 14044 standard. At this point we only wish to focus on one particular sce- nario discussed in the ILCD Handbook, namely the allocation procedure recommended for the Haber-Bosch synthesis of ammonia using natural gas that has undergone steam reforming. The CO2 produced is classified as a co-product provided that it is captured and used in a subsequent production step (the example in the Handbook is that the CO2 is used for the production of urea). The Handbook works through the process of allocating burdens be- tween ammonia and CO2. Nevertheless, one needs to ask whether these are the correct products for the allocation procedure, as the steam reforming process yields CO2 as a co-product of H2 and the CO2 is not involved at all in the subsequent Haber-Bosch synthesis stage (N2 + H2). 4.3.3.3 PAS 2050 - Publicly Available Standard 2050:2011 As the first published standard to provide a method for quantifying life cycle GHG emissions of products, there was considerable interest in the British standard PAS 2050 when it was first issued in 2008. It originated in an initi- ative of the British Carbon Trust and DEFRA6 and was published by the BSI7 as a national standard. A revised version was issued in 2011. PAS 2050 does not explicitly discuss CO2 utilisation as it is discussed in this report, but it does contain a number of specifications that are relevant in this context. In addition to some fundamental, less contentious recommenda- tions, PAS 2050 also provides methods for handling co-products, for including biogenic carbon in the LCI, and for incorporating delayed emissions of GHGs. 6 UKDepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs 7 British Standards Institute. Co-products METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE 295PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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