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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Biogenic CO2 / Fossil CO2 Assessment of temporary carbon storage Dealing with co-products PAS 2050:2011 recommends the following hierarchy for dealing with co-products: 1. System expansion: Expansion of product system to include all additional functions related to the co-products in order to avoid allocation. As the PAS 2050 standard focuses on the calculation of product-specific results, the system expansion is implemented in the form of credit for avoided burdens. 2. Additional specifications: For certain questions, PAS 2050 specifies additi- onal explicit requirements. 3. Allocation: Partitioning of GHG emissions between the different pro- ducts in proportion to their economic value. However, the PAS 2050 standard does not define when an output flow should be considered a product and when it should be identified as waste. The proposal for allocation based on economic value could be understood to mean that the typical interpretation applies, namely, that output flows with a positive market value are defined as co-products. To take account of temporary carbon storage, particularly in relation to bio- genic sources of carbon, the PAS 2050 standard states that the life cycle GHG emissions of a product should be assessed on the basis of a 100-year assess- ment period. This also applies to biological carbon sequestration. The only exception is that for human food and animal feed. Stored CO2 that will not be completely released within the assessment period is regarded as perma- nently stored. PAS 2050 specifies that the latest GWP100 factors are to be used as charac- terisation factors. Although PAS 2050 has no default mechanism for taking temporary carbon storage into account, it does define an optional method- ology using weighting factors that can be used to quantify the effect of de- layed emissions. To take renewable electricity generation into account instead of the usual grid-average electricity mix, PAS 2050 (2011) requires that the following two conditions are met: 1. Electricity generated from a renewable energy source (RES) may only be used by a single company or organisation. 2. The RES electricity used must not be part of the average national electri- city mix. A residual electricity mix is therefore required. Electricity 296PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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