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Both requirements can be summarised by the statement that double-count- ing of low-emissions benefits arising from the use of RES electricity must be avoided. 4.3.3.4 Von der Assen Von der Assen has published numerous papers on life cycle assessment meth- odologies for carbon capture and utilisation, which he refers to as ‘LCA of CCU’ (von der Assen et al. 2013a, 2013b, 2014, 2016). As part of the research pro- gramme ‘Technologies for Sustainability and Climate Protection – Chemical Processes and Use of CO2’, von der Assen, in collaboration with Bayer, carried out a life cycle assessment of the production of polyols using CO2 as feedstock that was captured from a lignite-powered power plant (von der Assen/Bar- dow 2014). The polyols themselves were processed further to produce polyu- rethanes. In two earlier publications, von der Assen addressed in detail meth- odological aspects of life cycle assessments of CO2 use (von der Assen et al. 2013a, 2013b). He identified the fundamental methodological challenges that arise when attempting to undertake GHG emissions accounting for produc- tion systems that use CO2. A summary of his key proposals is provided below. Von der Assen concurs with Rabl et al. (2007) and recommends the explicit inclusion of all CO2 emissions and removals associated with each stage of the life cycle. This means that the direct removal of CO2 from ambient air by carbon capture technologies or by photo-synthesis will generate a GHG emission credit (negative emissions). The removal of CO2 from flue gas streams is treated differently, however, as this is not an elementary flow but an economic flow. An elementary flow is a flow between the techno-sphere and the natural environment, whereas an economic flow is a flow that always remains within the technosphere. In cases in which CO2 is captured from a flue gas stream for utilisation, the CO2 exits one system in the technosphere and is then taken up by another system within the technosphere. In these coupled systems, von der Assen’s preference is for system expansion, in which the system that generates the CO2 and the system that utilises the CO2 are evaluated jointly. If systems are being compared, it is important to ensure that they all have the same func- tions (in this case: production of electricity and polymers). As many LCAs require the separate assessment of individual products (e.g. only electricity or only polymer), system expansion is not always expedient. In such case, von der Assen considers allocation to be the approach of choice. Von der Assen is highly critical of awarding credits for avoided burdens and believes that there are good reasons to reject this approach. System expansion as preferred approach METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Allocating GHG emissions to the individual products 297PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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