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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Coupled systems Fig. 119: Option 2 with coupling between the upstream CO2 generating process and the CO2 utilisation stage Fuel Power plant Electricity Other options and variants The five options discussed above effectively cover the main types of CO2 sources found in CCU scenarios. There are, however, a very wide variety of technological configurations associated with each of these main CO2 sour- ces, so that not all conceivable variations can be presented here. There are, for example, numerous ways in which the upstream process and the CO2 utilisation stage can be closely coupled together. A variant of Opti- on 2a is presented here as an example: When the hydrogen needed in the synthesis process is produced, oxygen is also generated as a by-product. This oxygen can be used in the upstream industrial process that generates the CO2 (power plant, cement works), for example, via the oxyfuel process, which minimises the flue gas volume and reduces the energetic cost of sepa- rating the CO from the exhaust gas stream. This example will be discussed 2 again in Section 4.4.2.2. Flue gas (30% CO2) Electricity Carbon capture O2 Hydrolysis H2 CO2 Processing (99%) 4.4.2 CCU system boundary Processing The process chain involved in synthesising chemical products from CO2 also raises a number of questions that can have a potentially crucial influence on the carbon inventory. The main issues can be represented in the following simplified schematic. The questions can be grouped into the following categories: • Defining the boundary line to upstream processes (interface to 4.1) • Dealing with multifunctional systems • Identifying the conditions for including RES electricity in the carbon ac- counting scheme. 306PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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