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To be credited to the preliminary process, if applicable? By-products 4.4.2.1 Defining the boundary to upstream processes METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE When REW, when not? Electricity By-product O2? Processing External H2 source Conditioning? Product The options for dealing with the various upstream processes that generate CO2 were dealt with in Section 4.1. We reiterate here the importance of defi- ning the boundary in a coherent manner. Any processing steps that need to be carried out before the CO2 can be utilised are always assigned to the CCU system. In the case of coupled systems, the decision where to draw the boundary line requires detailed justification. The primary and crucial question is how the burdens and benefits are partitioned between the systems. It is essentially a politically motivated convention that ascribes ‘CO2 neutrality’ to the pro- duct of a CO2 utilisation stage, e.g. a PtX transport fuel or ‘electrofuel’. 4.4.2.2 Dealing with multifunctional systems In practical industrial production processes, it is the rule rather than the exception that co-products are generated. As was demonstrated in detail in Section 3, the question of how co-products should be incorporated into the LCA framework remains a central issue that has not been unambiguously resolved by experts studying and working in the field. While the ISO stan- dards on life cycle assessments and carbon footprints of products express a preference for system expansion over allocation, practical reality demons- trates that system expansion is often complex and allocation is frequently unavoidable. Irrespective of the computational methodology employed, the first question that arises is whether an output flow should be categorised as a co-product Co-product or waste Allocation or credit Fig. 120: Highly simplified scheme for processing CO2 into chemical products 307PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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