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When deciding on which approach to adopt, the following points must be taken into account: • The choice of approach must be retained throughout the entire LCA. It is not acceptable for the allocation method to be adopted for one co-prod- uct, while an emissions credit approach is selected for another co-prod- uct elsewhere in the system.10 • Depending on the goal of the LCA study, external specifications may have to be followed. For example, in Annex V to the RED, the methodology for calculating the GHG impact of biofuels specifies allocation as the meth- od of choice. LCAs that are associated in some way with the RED or the FQD (e.g. GHG emissions reductions through the use of PtX products) will therefore have to make consistent use of the allocation method. • If the allocation method is selected, reasons must be given for this choice, which must be relatable to co-product functionality (e.g. calorific value). • The substitution method requires detailed reasons to be given as to which processes are to be substituted. What is to be substituted within the ‘con- sequential LCA model’? The answer to this question requires, at a mini- mum, a comprehensive analysis of what would happen if the co-product were to be introduced in to the market. For example, in the case of excess electricity, one question to be addressed would be: ‘Which power plants would be shut down if the excess electricity is fed into the grid?’ • It should be noted that the effect of credits on the carbon inventory can be far more significant than allocation (Fehrenbach et al. 2016). The mag- nitude of potential fluctuation margins in the results is considerably larg- er than in the case of allocation, where fluctuations always remain within the actual system boundary. In certain cases, emission credits can there- fore lead to negative overall carbon inventories. • The emissions credit methodology can lead to conflicts that are hard to resolve, such as when co-products are to be included in the inventory in the same way as CCU products. A co-product may not be included as a credit in the GHG emissions inventory of another co-product, as the overall carbon inventory would no longer be consistent. 10 It is, however, important to note that in the most commonly used datasets (e.g. Ecoinvent, Gabi, Probas etc.) allocations or credits are already included for upstream products or precursors (e.g. chemicals or grid electricity). Achieving complete consistency within an LCA is illusory. METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE 309PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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