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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Carbon accounting in multifunctional (coupled) systems By their very nature coupled (i.e. multifunctional) systems are more com- plex, so it is essential to state precisely: • how the systems are coupled • what the alternatives to the coupled system are and/or what special ben- efits accrue from coupling • where systems boundaries need to be drawn and what consequences this has for the carbon accounting scheme. This approach will be illustrated below using the example introduced at the end of section 4.4.1, which concerned the use of oxygen in CO2-supplying combustion processes. The coupling (or multifunctionality) relates to the O2 formed in the (hydrogen-generating) hydrolysis reaction and its capture and use in the upstream combustion process that produces utilisable CO2. For coupling to be effective, the combustion process needs to be technically con- figured to make use of the oxygen (in what is known as the oxy-fuel process), which leads to reduced flue gas volumes, which, in turn, substantially re- duces the energy needed to capture the CO2. Both subsystems are therefore actively coupled and each needs additional technical input. The benefits of coupling are all acquired by the CCU system, as it receives the CO feed-stock for a lower energetic cost. The additional energetic cost is 2 actually borne by the combustion process, though efficiency improvements Fig. 122: Example of an emissions accounting scheme for a coupled (multifunctional) system Fuel Power plant Electricity CO2 Processing By-products Product Addition Net expenditure CO2 Electricity Hydrolysis for coupling H2 System boundaries for CO2 utilization 310PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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