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METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE may also result elsewhere within the power plant, as lower flue gas volumes may reduce the cost and effort associated with flue gas treatment. The net burden borne by the CO2 supplying system as a result of coupling must th- erefore be assigned to the system that utilises the CO2. Carbon accounting methods therefore need to be applied to the adapted upstream process. This requires calculating the energetic cost incurred minus any beneficial effects arising from the coupling of the systems. The net burden would then be as- signed to the CCU system. 4.4.2.3 Systems in which the CO2 is recycled From a technical perspective, there are a number of different recycling con- cepts that could be applied to the CCU system. Here, the focus is placed on carbon recycling. One obvious concept would be to recycle the CO2 after use, returning it as input to the carbon utilisation process. This would replace an external carbon or CO2 source and would avoid any final carbon emissions or the need for carbon sequestration. This concept of carbon recycling could be implemented as a large loop that includes the product use phase, or as a smaller-scale recycling loop within the production process. In the latter case, it would be necessary to define what the function of this pathway is, as the carbon product never leaves the production cycle. No matter how the carbon recycling loop is defined, it is crucial that the system boundaries are preserved. As recycling loops are never loss-free, par- ticular care needs to be taken to ensure that inputs are correctly assigned at the beginning of the loop and that losses are compensated for. The temporary storage of carbon by keeping CO2 within the recycling loop can be considered irrelevant if the recycling loop is internal to the produc- Fig. 123: Example of a CO2 recycling loop Electricity H2 Capture Product CO2 Usage Loss compensation Processing By-products Loss 311PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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