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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Fig. 124: Requirements for incorporating RES electricity into an emissions accounting mechanism Power supply grid tion process, i.e. the CO2 or carbon acts only as a carrier medium.11 If the recycling loop is more extensive, the question of product lifetimes arises (see also Section 4.3.2), which, if these are of short duration, can make it difficult to maintain a recycling loop. 4.4.2.4 When can RES electricity be included in the carbon emissions inventory? This question is of fundamental importance to the entire concept of carbon utilisation. The assumed availability of excess RES electricity provides the underlying justification for promoting the albeit rather inefficient storage of energy in chemicals synthesised from CO2. Were one to use electricity drawn from the average grid mix or from fossil fuel power plants, the GHG emis- sions would be very high. In the most extreme cases (e.g. using coal as the primary energy source), the associated GHG intensity can be several times greater than that achieved using a conventional fossil fuel (see example from Commission Directive (EU) 2015/652 discussed in Section 4.3.1.1 above). In practice, however, incorporating RES electricity proves complex. As far as the current state of development in Germany is concerned, the supply of electricity from renewable sources is affected by a number of technical, eco- nomic and societal factors. If PtX products are to be produced and used in greater quantities in future, an overall strategy will be required under which the requisite amounts of RES electricity can be allocated (Zech et al. 2016). At present, the quantities of excess RES electricity available are simply in- sufficient. In view of this, initial emphasis in Germany should be placed on getting verified proof that CCU processes are being powered by RES electric- ity that has been certified as such in accordance with the German Renewa- Renewable electricity H2 with proof No connection CO2 Processing Product By-products 11 In this case, the actual product is not the CO2 within the recycling loop, but some other substance (depicted in the diagram as ‘co-product’). 312PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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