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boundary of the upstream supply system. As the sequestration of fossil CO2 represents a ‘net zero emission’, the ‘net bonus’ arising from the CO2 utili- sation phase ‘balances out’ the ‘net burden’ from the upstream CO2 source. In Option 5, the fossil-based CO2 is generated specifically for the utilisati- on phase. Without sequestration, end-of-life emissions are assigned to the CCU product as they would be to any fossil-based product. Sequestration (i.e. ‘permanent’ CO2 storage) enables the CCU system to attain, at best, ‘zero net emissions’ or ‘carbon neutral’ status. The situation is more complex for those options that involve biogenic CO2 (Options 2b and 4). In these cases, the CO2 is supplied by an upstream pro- cess (e.g. bioethanol production) and the carbon capture process lies within the system boundary of the upstream bioethanol production facility. The critical question here is whether or not the upstream process relinquishes its claim on the initial ‘net bonus’ when it supplies the CO2 to the CCU system or whether it has the right to claim at least some the bonus? Based on cur- rent practice, it seems likely that bioethanol manufacturers will want their carbon inventory to include benefits from any downstream CCR for their ‘waste product’ CO213. If this is done, the CO2 utilisation stage would not be entitled to claim the same bonus for carbon storage. The question is there- fore whether splitting the bonus equally between the two systems offers an adequate way to resolve this issue (see ‘Solution 3’ in Figure 128 below). Real carbon sink only achieved with biogenic CO2 Fig. 128: Possible ways to account for the carbon sink that arises when the CCU system uses biogenic CO2 from a multi- functional upstream process Product Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3 System Bioethanol System CO2 utilization Bioethanol plant CO2 to CCR CO2 utilization Bioethanol has CCR credited itself and thus the final sink CO2 use receives no bonus from final sink Bioethanol waives crediting CO2 use receives full bonus from final sink of CCR Bioethanol and CO2 use share the sink’s credit, e.g. 50 % each. METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Bioethanol CCS 13 e.g.incompleteaccordancewiththeGHGemissionsmethodologysetoutinAnnexVtotheRED. 319PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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