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lation column to separate acetone in the top and biodiesel in the bottom. The heavy frac- tion is separated in methanol in the top and low purity solketal in the bottom, and this is the most energetically demanding step. No information is given about the water produced as by-product or the recovery of the catalyst; however, it is stated that methanol and ace- tone are recycled [123]. Therefore, one can conclude that the flowsheet is not a complete Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2 315 industrial plant, as there are some missing purification steps necessary to attest the pro- cess is techno-economically feasible. Figure 14. Flowsheet of the industrial solketal production plant with glycerol valorization in situ Figure 14. Flowsheet of the industrial solketal production plant with glycerol valorization in situ proposed by Al-Saadi et al. [123]. proposed by Al-Saadi et al. [123]. Nonetheless, the economic analysis was performed considering an oil feed of 100,000 A meaningful indication of the industrial relevance of a process or new compound is the number and technological value of the patents developed by major market players. Patent research reveals the most recent advances in a specific field, the development of new technologies, and the relevant course of events concerning the subject searched. Additionally, it reveals the gaps in the literature that can be seen as an opportunity to develop and propose new processes. A good patent is comprehensive; therefore, the claims must be concise but not specific, which explains why most of the patents of solketal production generically mention the production of acetals and ketals [125]. Usually, when a technologically valuable innovative process or product is developed and patented, it is followed by several related patents with lower value when analyzed singly [126]. Concerning the use of solketal, it was initially deeply explored as solvent and plastifying agent in paints, films, and cleaning products; therefore, several products with different solketal contents were created and patented. Then, it was discovered to be useful as an antifreezing compound, which drove the research to its use as an additive for aviation fuel. Closely related, solketal use as fuel additive for surface transport was investigated due to the enhancement of fuel properties. Nowadays, the current trend of solketal application is its use as a biocompatible solvent in medicaments, since it is non-toxic for humans and it is soluble in body fluids. It is important to highlight that these research fields overlap each other; therefore, the described timeline is a draft of the trend of the new uses of this ketal based on the patents published. 5.2. Patents t/year and a plant lifetime of 20 years. Compared to an industrial process producing bio-PDF Image | Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal
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