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Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2 316 Concerning solketal production, the initial innovation was to carry the process in batch reactors with homogeneous catalyst, which was followed by the study of the perfor- mance of different homogeneous catalysts. Then, heterogeneous catalysts were proposed, still in batch, soon upgraded by the use of fixed-bed reactors, which nowadays have been extensively studied. Few patents were published proposing alternative production processes. A common conclusion to many of the authors that proposed and simulated industrial flowsheets for producing solketal is that the costliest step is the separation in distillation columns to remove the excess of acetone [25,121,122]. In view of that, the focus of several patents is intensifying the process to obtain purer products already in the outlet stream of the reactor or to use different separation technologies. The alternative technologies and the most promising patents (based on the possibility of scaling-up the process to the industrial level) proposed by some of the major players on the market are summarized in Table 5. Table 5. Summary of the patents for solketal production. First Inventor, Publication Date Patent Assignee Catalyst Reaction Reaction vessel with continuous distillation Not specified Not specified Simulated Moving Bed Reactor Reactive extraction Membrane reactor Reactive distillation on a shell and tube or column plate device Tank, fixed bed, moving bed, suspended bed, or slurry bed reactor with tin-titanium-silicon molecular sieve as catalyst Separation Not necessary Pervaporation unit At least two-stage pervaporation or vapor permeation Not specified Vacuum evaporation Not specified Not specified Not specified Ref [64] [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] Process Intensification Strategies/Non-conventional operation Bruchmann, 1999 Boesch, 2003 Winkler, 2004 Dubois, 2008 Dubois, 2008 Haiyu, 2018 Haiyu, 2018 Yujia, 2020 US5917059A US6528025B1 US20040024260A1 FR2906246A1 FR2906807A1 CN107698552A CN107652263A CN111253359A BASF SE Roche Vitamins Inc. Evonik Degussa GmbH Arkema France SA Arkema France SA Guangzhou Yintian New Material Co., LTD Guangzhou Yintian New Material Co., LTD China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Homo- or heterogeneous Heterogeneous Homo- or heterogeneous Heterogeneous catalyst Homo- or heterogeneous Heterogeneous catalyst Heterogeneous catalyst Heterogeneous catalystPDF Image | Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal
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