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Energies 2021, 14, 2406 2 of 26 bons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) [3,4]. Figure 1. Global mean surface air temperature anomalies in the 1979–2020 period (adapted from Service [1]). In order to combat climate change and achieve decarbonization, several methods have been studied and implemented: a massive development of clean energies (renewable en- ergy sources); fossil fuel consumption reduction by switching to lower-carbon alternatives, e.g., coal to gas; energy efficiency increase in industrial applications and the power sector, particularly in technologies used to convert fossil fuels into energy; carbon capture and utilization/storage techniques [2,5–7]. The employment of all of the options mentioned above will be required because CO2 emission abatement became a global priority. However, at the current state of development, the levels of risks and the costs, non-fossil fuel energy alternatives cannot meet our need for energy fed by fossil fuels. Additionally, any quick change to non-fossil energy sources, even if this action was possible, would result in large disruptions to the existing energy supply infrastructure with substantial consequences to the global economy [8]. In the Paris Agreement, 196 parties decided to establish a long-term goal to keep the worldwide average temperature increase below 2 ◦C above pre-industrial levels and limit the increase to 1.5 ◦C, since this would significantly reduce the risks and effects of climate change [9–11]. Consequently, to obtain a sustainable low carbon future, global CO2 levels should be drastically reduced by promoting the actions and investments needed. This limitation in the worldwide temperature implies immediate and decisive actions on climate change to avoid some of the worst climate impacts and reduce the chances of extreme weather occurrences around the world. Thus, to meet mid to long-term CO2 emissions targets, cost-effective CO2 capture from fossil fuel use and subsequent sequestration options need to be evaluated, as well as the utilization of (captured) carbon dioxide as a feedstock for new products. Figure 2 shows the CO2 life-cycle considering two pathways: carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture and utilization (CCU).PDF Image | Current Developments of Carbon Capture Storage
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