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Energies 2021, 14, 2406 10 of 26 3.5. Current Progress of CCUS Facilities Since 1972, CCS has been applied to capture CO2 from an extensive range of sectors and industries [7]. Typically, the progress of technology development contains a series of scale-up steps: first, laboratory scale or bench; second, pilot-scale; third, demonstration- Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 27 tion in the world, five under construction, and twenty in various stages of development [14] (see Table 1). Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 27 Oxy-combustion gas turbine (water cycle) Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 27 scale; fourth, commercial scale. Currently, there are eighteen large-scale facilities in opera- Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 27 Table 1. Current development progress of technologies in terms of technology readiness level (TRL): TRL5 Lab-scale plant Oxy-combustion gas turbine (water cycle) carbon capture; transport; storage; and utilization (adapted from Bui [13],Consoli [14]). TRL5 Technology Readiness Level Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for reformer) Lab-scale plant Oxy-combustion gas turbine (water cycle) Membr t s TRL56 LaPbi-lsoctaplelapnlatnt C an H2 separation for u r e re n d t D e n se in ev e lo o p rg reformer) m a n e ic ( n TRL1 TRL6 TRL5 TRL5 TRL7 TRL6 TRL7 Oxy-combustion gas turbine (water cycle) MembBriapnheassdicensosleviennotrsg-Panosict-(cHom2 sbeupsatriaotnion for MembrOanceasnpSotloyrmagereic (power plants) Concept Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REV Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW reformer) 11 of 27 r TRL2 TRL56 Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation fo Membra F eric (power plants) n o e r s p m u o l l a y t m ion LaPbi-lsoctaplelapnlatnt reformer) Pilot plant 11 of 27 Chemical looping combustion (CLC) TRL3 PBriopohfaosficosonlcveepntt(sl-aPbotsets-ctso)mbustion Membranes polymeric (power plants) Oxy-combustion gas turbine (water cycle) Pilot plant TRL6 IoniCcaLlicqiumidsc-aProbsotn-caotme lbouosptionng (CaL) Chemical looping combustion (CLC) BiphasicsLolavbe-nsctsa-lPeopslta-ncotmbustion Membranes polymeric (power plants) Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation fo MembraneBsEpColCySmienrdicu(sptroywer plants) 11 of 27 Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for CalcCiBuOEm2CuCctaiSlribzPoaotnwiaoetner(lnoonp-iEnOgR(C)aL) OxCyh-ceomibcaulsltoionpignagsctoumrbbinuest(iwonat(eCrLcCyc)le) Biphasic solvents-Post-combustion 11 of 27 reformer) Lab-scale plant Low TCaselcCpiauOrm2auticDtoainelrimb-zPoaortneniao-sctnteor(amlnotiobonupn-siEntiOgonR(C)aL) Chemical looping combustion (CLC) Pilot plant 11 of 27 Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for OxMy-ecmombrbaunsetsiopnolgyams eturircb(inNeG(winadteurstcryc)le) Membran reformer) 2 11 of 27 M es e iun s-ie a i eCm risuOa wEnpOge n s) daelbcCn scDtoapirelroigmbzl n)t ) nm2e i(aclnOot(iopnpno a)tal aoayontnmniaocsetnt(errC rR(rCp aLo TRL5 Lab-scale plant Pre-combustion IGCC + CCS OxMy-ecmombrbaunsetsiopnolgyams eturircb(inNeG(winadteurstcryc)le) Biphasic solvPeilnotts-pPloanst-combustion CMOin2 eurDtaielimzstaotrnioasngtre(antion-EOR) TRL6 TRL7 Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for TRL5 Oxy-combLuasbt-isocnalceopalapnotwer plant MemPbrrea-ncoemspboulsytmioenriIcG(CpCow+eCrCpSlants) OxMCyh-ecmeombirbcaaunlseltsoiopnpoilgnyagms cetourmircbb(inNuesGt(iwoinadt(euCrsLtcrCyc)le) TRL4 Lab prorteoftoyrpmeer) Demonstration TRL7 TRL56 Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for BOipxAyh-dacsoiocmrspbLotuilaovsPbntei-ilns-oPctntsao-plcsPeotloa-pacnslotatp-mncotbwmuesbrtuiposlntaionnt Oxy-combCuaPslctrieou-ncmogmcaasbrutbusortnbioainteIlG(owCoapCtien+rgCc(yCcSaleL)) OxMy-ecmombrbaunsetsiopnolgyams eturircb(inNeG(winadteurstcryc)le) reformer) 11 of 27 r TRL5 CheAmdLicsaoblr-lpsoctoiaoplnein-pPgloacsnott-mcobmusbtuiosntio(CnLC) TRL56 Oxy-combLuasPbti-ilsocntaplceolapanlatpnotwer plant PCreO-c2oumtibliuzsationI(GnoCnC-E+OCRC)S reformer) Membranesdenseinorganic(H separationfor11of27 TRL6 TRL5 TRL7 TRL5 TRL8 TRL97 TRL56 TRL8 TRL97 TRL56 TRL8 TRL97 TRL56 TRL6 TRL8 TRL6 TRL97 MembBriapnheassdicensosleviennotrsg-Pano2sict-(cHom2 sbeupsatriaotnion for MeCmalbcriuanmeBscEaprCoblCoyDSnmaAientCerdicluo(soptproyiwnger(CpalaLn)ts) Adsorption-Post-combustion Oxy-combusPtilont pcolanl tpower plant IEW TRL7 refDoremeorn)stration reformer) 11 of 27 MembrCanaelcsiupmolycmarebroicna(pteowloeorppinlagn(tCs)aL) 11 of 27 Chemical looping combustion (CLC) Biphasic sLolavbe-nsDctsaA-lPeCopslta-ncot mbustion OxMye-cmoPmbrrDeba-euncposetBlmsDieoEptbenCoumdlCgsyotaSminisolisentn&turrdiIracGgubta(siCopnstrCnoefyiw(e+wledCrasCtpeSlrancytsc)le) CO2-EGR Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for Chemical looping combustion (CLC) TRL6 BiphaDsiePcpisloetlevpdelnaoDtnisAlt-&PCogsat-scofimelbdusstion TRL6 Pilot plant MembraneBsEpColCySmienrdicu(sptroywer plants) OxMy-ecmoAmbCdrbOsauon2rseuptsitoipilnoioznlgay-aPtmisoetsnutr-ir(cnboo(imnNne-bGE(uwOisntaRdito)eunrstcryc)le) BiphaCsiaclscCoiuOlvm2eunctaislr-ibzPoaotnsitao-tnceo(lmnoobnpu-isEntOgioR(nC) aL) 11 MCBOheimepxmyhb-aircsaoaincmleslbsoLouoplavspbotei-linsyoDcgtmnsaA-clecPeoCoromipacslbta(p-NuncostGwtmioeibnrudp(suCltasiLontrCnty) of 27 Depleted oil & gas fields OxyC-commbuesrtciioanlCRgOeaf2s-inEtueGrmRbeinet (rweqauteirecdycle) reformer) Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for ChemicCaalPllcCroieuOo-cmp2oiunmcDtgaiCbelricumbozosomamotninimoabosntunetersI(acltGnoitioiaoConlnpCn-i(EnC+OgLCRC(C)SaL) 11 of 27 CheAmdicsaolrlpotoiopnin-Pgocsot-mcobmusbtuiosntio(CnLC) LaPbi-lsoctaplelapnlatnt Depleted oil & gas fields OxyC-commbuesrtciioanlCRgOeaf2s-inEtueGrmRbeinet (rweqauteirecdycle) reformer) MemPMobsreta-mncoebmsradbneuensstipeooinlyoamrgeianrniecisc(N(pHGo2wisnedpruaprslatrtnyiot)sn)for CaMlciOeCumxmaylbcC-cricauOaornm2beuoBsbcDtnEaupiCaelrCsoimtboztelCiomayolStnmnonimaoiosecntnetperordri(aclnunotlig(siaopoptlnp(ronoCy-iwEnaOgeLer)R(Cp)lalaLn)ts) LaPbi-lsoctaplelapnlatnt OxyC-commbuesrtciioanlCRgOeaf2s-inEtueGrmRbeinet (rweqauteirecdycle) reformer) Pre-combustion IGCC + CCS MemPMobBsretiaP-mpncArhoebedams-rscsadibonceumrenspsobstipileuovosinentlnyi-oaoPtmrnsog-esiPNantrno-ieGcsisoct(-pmN(cpHrobGom2ucwisesbnestudisproisuapntrsilgaoatrtnyiot)sn) for MCeOmbuCrtOailni2zeuasDtpiCeloimoznlmayoD(tmnimAosenentCrri-(acEnti(OiaoplnRno-)wEOerRp)lants) TRL8 OxyC-commbuesrtciioanl Rgeafsintuermbeinet (rweqauteirecdycle) reformer) 2 LaPbi-lsoctaplelapnlatnt Oxy-combustion coal power plant TranspPorret-coonBm-EsbhCuoCsrteSio&indoIGuffs-CstrChyo+reCpCiSpelines TRL7 MemPMoCbBsrhetiaP-mepncmrhoebeamDsi-Drcscadeaiboencmlepumenslsoebstontipleuoevpsosidnetnitlrnyioaogtmtmirnsilg-coe&iPNaonrnomieGcgsiscabt(-pN(su(cpHrosfGoitm2eciwolisebdnesusdspr(isuapCntrsilgLaoatrtCnyiot)sn) fo TRL97 MembranesDpCeomolmyomnmseetrriacti(iaoplnower plants) TRL56 LaPbi-lsoctaplelapnlatnt r reformer) Adsorption-Post-combustion OCxaylc-icuombTcaurarsbntiosoDpnoaActrCeot aslohl opiposiwnger(CplaLn)t MeTmrbarnasnpPeorsretp-conlmy-msbhueorsritecio&(nNoIGffi-CnsChdou+rseCtrpCyi)Spelines MemPMoCbBsrhetiaP-mepncmrhoebeamsi-rcscadaiboncleumenslsobstoipleuovposinenitlnyioaogtmrnsg-ceiPNaonrnomieGcsiscbt(-pN(u(cpHrosGotm2ciwoisebnesudspr(isuapCntrsilgLaoatrtCnyiot)sn) for Membranes polymeric (power plants) CO2-EGR Pilot plant BECreCfSorimndeur)stry AdsorSpatliionne-Pforsmt-acotimonbsustion OCxaylc-DicuoemplbTceaurtearsbdntiosopnioal ctr&eot aslgohlaopispofsiwinegledr(sCplaLn)t TPraren-scpPooCmrreOtb-cou2onsumt-tisioblhinuzosarItGetioC&nCoI(Gfn+fo-CsnChC-oES+rOeCRpC)iSpelines ChPemrei-caolmloboupsitniogncNomGbpursotcioenss(iCngLC) Biphasic solvents-Post-combustion Membranes polymeric (power plants) Commercial Refinement required Pilot plant DAC BECCS industry AdsorSpatliionne-Pforsmt-acotimonbsustion OCxaylc-icuombTcaurarsbntiosCopnCoaUctreotSaslohl opiposiwnger(CplaLn)t OTxrya-cnosmpoCbruOt so2tniuoD-tsniCelhicmozoomaroaetnilmo&psnetoror(wacfntifeiao-osrlnhnp-oElraOenRtp)ipelines Chemical loopCinOg2-cEoGmRbustion (CLC) Biphasic solvents-Post-combustion Membranes polymeric (power plants) Depleted oDiAl &C gas fields BECCS industry to bioenergy with CCS, IGPMoCsCet-mcAcobodmrsarboneurseSpsTsatorlipiioaonondelsy-saPpfmotooresrimntri-iesnachsot(ieimN(opgpnsrbGosauwtisenetdiroupgnslatsrniyft)isc)ation TRL78 AdCsoarmlpcCimtuOiome2nruc-cDPtiaiaoelrlimsbzRtoaC-oectnCnifoaoismnUtnterSb(amlnuotioeosontnpnit-oiEnrneOgqR(uC)iareLd) Notes: BECCS corresponds combined cycle, EGR corresponds to enhanced gas recovery, EOR corresponds to enhanced oil re- Chemical looping combustion (CLC) Biphasic solvents-Post-combustion TRL9 PrDe-ecpoBlmeEtCbeCuodCsmoDtSiimoAlin&eCdrIcGguiasaCstlrCfyie+ldCsCS MePmrbe-rcaonmesbpuoCstlOyiom2n-EeNrGiGcR(pNrGociensdsiunsgtry) Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGCC corresSpaolindesfotorminatieognrsated gasification TRL7 CalcCBiEuOCm2 CucDStaielrinmbzdoaCotnuCniaossUtntrerSy(alnotionpn-iEnOg R(C) aL) covery, NG corresponds to natural gas; CO2 utilization (Cnhoenm-EiOcaRl )loroefpleincgtscaowmibduestriaong(eCoLfCte)chnol- combined cycle, EGR corresponds to enhanced gas recovery, EOR corresponds to enhanced oil re- PosOt-xcyo-mcobmusbtuiosntioanmcionaels p(poowwererpplalannt ts) ogies, most of which haTvReLb8een demonstrated conceptuTarlalynCsaopPtmotrhDremte-eceolpoarnlmcbe-istasbhelcudoaRsrloDteifi.oAli&Cn&Ce–oImCGgffae-CspsnChtftuoire+reledCq;psuCTi–SprTedrlianessport; Membranes poClOym2-EerGicR(NG industry) Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGCC corresponds to integrated gasification TRL7 CalcCiuOm2 ucDtaiAelrimbzCoaCotnCniaosUtnterS(alnotionpn-iEnOg R(C)aL) covery, NG corresponds to natural gas; CO2 utilization (non-EOR) reflects a wide range of technol- U–Utilization; S–Storage. combined cycle, EGR TcoRrLre9sponds to enhanced gas recoverPyAr,edE-csOomRrpbctiCuorsonrtmei-oPsmnposoeNtnr-Gcdiosapmltrobouceenssthisoaingced oil re- Oxy-DcoemplbTeurteasdntisopniolcr&otasghlapispofswieledrsplant ogies, most of which haTvReLb8een demonstrated conceptuallyCaoPtmtrheme-celoarmcbiasblcuaRslteif.oiCne–ImCGaeCpnCtur+reCq;uCTi–SrTedransport; Membranes poClOym2-EerGicR(NG industry) Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGCC corresponds to integrated gasification TRL7 DepCleOte2duDotielimz&aotgniaosntrfi(anetliodons-EOR) covery, NG corresponds to natural gas; CO2 utilization (non-EOR) reflects a wide range of technol- U–Utilization; S–Storage. Post-combustion amines (power plants) combined cycle, EGR TcoRrLre9sponds to enhanced gas reTcoravnersypA,odErstOoRrnpB-ctEsiCohoCronrCmre-PeSsmpo&insoetdnor-cdufifosa-mstltrhoybouernesthpioainpnceelidneosil re- 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS OxPyr-eco-cmoSmbaulbisnuteisotfinorncmoIaGltCipoConws+eCr CpSlant ogies, most of which haTvReLb8een demonstrated conceptuallyCaotmthmeelarcbiaslcaRlef.iCne–mCaepnturreq;uTi–rTedransport; Membranes poClOym2-EerGicR(NG industry) TRL7 Demonstration covery, NG corresponds to natural gas; CO2 utilization (non-EORC)Ore-fEleGctRs a wide range of technol- U–Utilization; S–Storage. PostP-croem-cboumsTbtr2iuoasntsiDaopmnoAriNCnt esGhs ip(prsocweessripnlgants) TRL9 BECoCmSminedrcuisatlry More than 30 new integrated CCUS facilities haveAbdeseonrpatnionno-uPnoscte-cdosminbcuest2io0n07, mostly 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS OxPyr-eco-cmombubsutisCotinCoUncoSIaGl CpCow+eCr CpSlant ogies, most of which haTvReLb8een demonstrated conceptuallyCaotmthmeelarcbiaslcaRlef.iCne–mCaepnturreq;uTi–rTedransport; Membranes polymeric (NG industry) in the United States and Europe, although projeTctrsanasPrpereoa-rctlosomon-bpsulhasotnrionene&dNoGifnf-psChrohocrienesaps,inpAgeulinstersalia, U–Utilization; S–Storage. Post-comDbepuSlsaetltiioendne oDafmoiAlr&imCneagstai(sopnfoisewldesr plants) TRL9 BECoCmSminedrcuisatlry More than 30 new integrated CCUS facilities haveAbdeseonrpatnionno-uPnoscte-cdosminbcuest2io0n07, mostly Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGCOCxcyo-croremspbounstdiosntocoianltepgorwaterdpglaanstification 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS Pre-combustion IGCC + CCS Korea, the Middle East and New Zealand [60]. One of them was developed by Svante [61]. Transport ships icnomthbeinUedncityecdle,SEtaGteRscaonrrdesEpuonrodps eto, aelnthaonucgedh gparsorjeTcotrsavnearsPryper,eoaE-rctlOosomoRn-bpcsuolharsortnreionesnpe&odNnoGidfnfs-psCthrohocerieneshapsa,inpnAgceeulidnsteorsiallriae-, StarteMdoirne2t0h0a7n, 3S0vnanewte idnetseigrnaeteddaCndCUbuSifltacailCitOie2schaapOvteuxAyrbe-decsefooanmrcpBaibltEnuitoCnsyCntoCiO-touPSon2no-icEcnscaotGde-pacduRltosupsmtironybewcuhesart2ilpo0fln0a7nt,tomnnosetolyf 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS cKoovreeray, tNhGe McoirdredslpeoEnadsttaondatNureawl gZase;aClaOn2dut[i6li0z]a.tOione(noofnt-hEeOmR)wraefsledcetsvaelwopideedrbanygSevoafntetech[6n1o]l-. STarliannespforrmt sahtiopnss Post-combustion amines (power plants) DepletedCoDCiAlU&CSgas fields icnartbhoenUpneirtedaSyt.aTtehsisantedchEnuorlopgey,acaltphtouurgeshcparobjoeTcntrsadnaiosPrpxereoiad-rctleosomofnr-bposulhmasotnrifonelnue&deNogGifnfa-psChr,ohoccroienensapsc,ienpAngetulrinsatetresasliiat, Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGCC coDrrepslpeotendsoDitAlo&Cingtaesgfriaetledds gasification ogies,Mmorset othf wanhi3c0hnheaTwvReLib8netengdraetmedonCstCraUteSdfcaocnilcietipetsuhalalyvCeaotmbthemeenlarBacbiEnasCnlcaRoClueSf.niCnce–demCduasesptnirtntyucrreq;2uT0i–r0Te7dr,amnsopsotrlyt; Started in 2007, Svante designed and built a CO2 captuAredsfoarcpiltitoyCnO-tPo2o-cEsatG-pcRtoumrbeuhsatilofna tonne of Kcthoomernebairne,eltedhaecsyMecslieid,tdEfolGerREsacofsertrasentsopdroaNngdeswotorZienadhlaunsctdreid[a6lg0ua].sOere,ncioenvo6ef0rtysh,.eETmOoRdwacayosr,rdSeevspvaoennltoedpshetadosebsnyehvSaevnracaenldtienod[il6ur1se]-. U–Utilization; S–Storage. STarliannespforrmt sahtiopnss icnartbhoenUpneirtedaSyt.aTtehsiTsaRntLedc9hEnuorlopgey,acaltphtouurgeshcparobjoeTcntrsadnaiosrpxeoiadrtlesoofnr-posClhmaonmrCfnelCmue&UdeorSgcifnifa-slCh,hocroinenapc,iepAnetulrinsatetresasliiat, Depleted oDiAl &C gas fields TRL8 CommerBciEaClCRCOeSf2-inEneGdmuRsetnrty required cSotavretreyd, NinG2c0o0r7re,sSpvoanndtsetdoensaitgunraeldgans;dCbOu2iultializCaOtio2nca(npotun-rEeOfaRc)irlietfyletcotscawptiudreerahnaglfeaoftotencnhenolf- trial-scale carbon capture projects and collaborations. Kthoerneare,ltehaesMesiidtdfolerEsafsetasntodraNgeworZienadlaunstdri[a6l0u].sOe,nieno6f0tsh.eTmodwaays,dSevvaenltoepheadsbsyevSevranltiend[6u1s]-. Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGPoCsCt-ccoomrrbeusSpsTatorliioanndesapfmotoorrimntiesnahstiei(opgpnsrosawteedr pglasniftisc)ation ogies, most of which haTvReLb9een demonstrated conceptually at the lab CscoamCleCm. CUe–rSCciapl ture; T–Transport; carboAnnpoethredraayp.pTlhiciasttioecnhenxoalmogpylecaispAtuirePsrcoadruboctns.dTiohxisidceomfrpomanyflupeosgsaes,secsonsoceluntiroantessfoitr, 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS Depleted oDiAl &C gas fields TRL8 CommercialCROef2-inEeGmRent required Strtiarlt-esdcailne 2ca0r0b7o, nSvcanptteudrespirgonjedctsanadndbucoilltlabCoOra2ticoanpst.ure facility to capture half a tonne of combined cycle, EGR corresponds to enhanced gas recovery, EOR corresponds to enhanced oil re- U–Utilization; S–Storage. tChOen2 craepletausresfirtofmorfsoasfseilsftuoeral gcoenovreirnsdiounstbrieafloureseit, iPrneoas6ct0P-hcrseoe.sm-Tctbohumdesabtaiyuotms,ntSioaovmsnapniNnhteGesrhpe(pa.rosTcwhseesevsrtiepnerlcgahnlntisno)dlougsy- Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGCC corresSpaolindesfotorminatieognrsated gasification TRL9 ComCCmUerScial coavrberoMAyn,noNporGethrtcehdorararnayep.s3p0TolhninciedaswsttitoeiocnhntenaxgtouarlramoatglepygdlaecCsai;CspCUAtOuSi2ruefPasticrlciozladiarttuibieocsntnsh(.adnTvoiohenxi-bsEiedOceoRnmf)arrponemafnlneocyfutlsunpaceoewsgdsaiedsie,snercasoens2goc0el0uon7ft,irtomaenctoehssnftoiltlyr-, Depleted oil & gas fields TRL8 CommercialCROef2-inEeGmRent required tchroaimaslb-dsinecseaidlgenccyeacdrleb,aoEnGdcRcaopcontrusrtreresupcotrneodjescattoslaearnghdea-ncscocealdllaegbasosyrsraeteciomnvestr.oy,cEaOptRucroerCreOsp2ofnrdosmtosetenahmancmedetohilarnee-PDF Image | Current Developments of Carbon Capture Storage
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