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Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 27 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2021, 14, 2406 11 of 27 11 of 27 Oxy-combustion gas turbine (water cycle) Lab-scale plant 11 of 26 Oxy-combustion gas turbine (water cycle) U–Utilization; S–Storage. 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS TRL5 Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for TRL5 Lab-scale plant Oxy-combustion gas turbine (water cycle) reformer) Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for TRL56 LaPbi-lsoctaplelapnlatnt Table 1. Cont. Technology Readiness Level TRL7 reformer) TRL6 Membranes dense inorganic (H2 separation for Membranes polymeric (power plants) Pilot plant reformer) TRL6 Biphasic solvents-Post-combustion Membranes polymeric (power plants) Pilot plant Current Development TRL8 Commercial Refinement required Chemical looping combustion (CLC) TRL9 BiphasCicosmomlvenrctisa-lPost-combustion Post-comCbaulcsituiomn caamrbinoensa(tpeolowoeprinpgla(nCtsa)L) Chemical looping combustion (CLC) TRL8 CommercialCROef2-inEeGmRent required Started in 2007, Svante designed and built a CO2 capture facility to capture half a tonne Biphasic solvents-Post-combustion Pre-CcoamlcCbiuOum2stuicotainlribzNoaGtniaoptnero(lnoceosnps-iEnOgR(C)aL) Chemical looping combustion (CLC) TransporCt aolncC-isuOhm2ourcDetaiel&rimbzoaotnfnifao-stntehr(oalnotrioeonpn-iEnpOgelR(iCn)easL) Membranes polymeric (NG industry) TRL7 TRL7 CTOra2nusDptioelimrztaosthnioispntrs(antion-EOR) Pre-combustion IGCC + CCS Membranes polymeric (NG industry) Saline Dfoermoantisotnrastion Oxy-combustion coal power plant Pre-combustion IGCC + CCS Membranes polymeric (NG industry) Adsorption-Post-combustion Oxy-combustion coal power plant Pre-combustion IGCC + CCS CCUS Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGCC corresponds to integrated gasification combined cycle, EGR corresponds to enhanced gas recovery, EOR corresponds to enhanced oil reBcEoCveCryS, NinGdcuosrtrreysponds to natural Adsorption-Post-combustion gas; CO2 utilization (non-EOR) reflects a wide range of technologies, most of which have been demonstrated DAC conceptually at the lab scale. C–Capture; T–Transport; U–Utilization; SA–SdtsoorarpgBetEi.oCnC-PSoinstd-cuosmtrybustion Oxy-combustion coal power plant 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS Depleted oDiAl &C gas fields BECCS industry Depleted oDiAl &C gas fields CO2-EGR More than 30 new integrated CCUS facilities have been announced since 2007, mostly in the United States and Europe, although projects are also planned in China, Australia, Depleted oil & gas fields TRL8 CommercialCROef2-inEeGmRent required Korea, the Middle East and New Zealand [60]. One of them was developed by Svante [61]. TRL9 Commercial Post-combustion amines (power plants) TRL9 Commercial of carbon per day. This technology captures carbon dioxide from flue gas, concentrates TRL8 Commercial Refinement required it, then releases it for safe storage or industrial usPeo,sitnP-croe6m-0cbosum.sbtTiuosndtiaomyn,iNnSevGsap(nprtoecwehesasrispnlsgaenvtes)ral TRL9 Commercial industrial-scale carbon capture projects and collaborations. Another application example is Air Products. This company possesses solutions for ogies, most of which have been demonstrated conceptually at the lab scale. C–Capture; T–Transport; industrial facilities (natural gas-based power generation is included). The remaining U–Utilization; S–Storage. facilitieMsoarnedthinainti3a0tinvewsiintehgeradtaetdabCaCseUaSrfeacmileitnietisohnaevdeabseeinadnnvoanucnecmedensitn/cdee2p0l0o7y,meonstly 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS staintutsh[e63U]n.iTtehdelSatsatteuspadnadteEoufrtohpeed,atlathbaosuegrhefperosjteoctOscatroebaelrso20p1l9a.nnedinChina,Australia, More than 30 new integrated CCUS facilities have been announced since 2007, mostly 3.6. Global Facilities of CCUS KorCeuar,rtehnetlMy,itdhdelreEaarestsaenvderNaleCwCZSefalcailnitdie[s60in].EOunroepoef,tahnedmtwheays cdaenvbeleocpleadssbifiyeSdvianntther[e6e1]. in the United States and Europe, although projects are also planned in China, Australia, diSfftearetneMdtocirlnaes2ts0he0as7n:,3S0vnanewte idnetseigrnaeteddaCndCUbuSifltacailCitOie2schaapvteurbeefancailnitnyotuonccaepdtusirnechea2l0f0a7t,omnnosetolyf Korea, the Middle East and New Zealand [60]. One of them was developed by Svante [61]. icnartbhoenUpneirtedaSyt.aTtehsisantedchEnuorlopgey,acaltphtouurgeshcparobjoecntsdaiorxeiadlesofrpolmanfnluedeginasC,hcoinac,eAntursatreasliiat, (1) Commercial Carbon Capture and Storage Facilities–CO can be captured and trans- Started in 2007, Svante designed and built a CO2 capture facility to capture half a tonne of Kthoerneare,ltehaesMesiidtdfolerEsafsetasntodraNgeworZienadlaunstdri[a6l0u].sOe,nieno6f0tsh.eTmodwaays,dSevvaenltoepheadsbsyevSevranltiend[6u1s]-. ported to be permanently stored; have economic lives similar to the host facility carbon per day. This technology captures carbon dioxide from flue gas, concentrates it, Strtiarlt-esdcailne 2ca0r0b7o, nSvcanptteudrespirgonjedctsanadndbucoilltlabCoOra2ticoanpst.ure facility to capture half a tonne of whose CO2 is captured; must support a commercial return while operating and meet then releases it for safe storage or industrial use, in 60 s. Today, Svante has several indus- carboAnnpoethredraayp.pTlhiciasttioecnhenxoalmogpylecaispAtuirePsrcoadruboctns.dTiohxisidceomfrpomanyflupeosgsaes,secsonsoceluntiroantessfoitr, regulatory requirements; trial-scale carbon capture projects and collaborations. tChOen2craepletausresfirtofmorfsoasfseilsftuoeralgcoenovreirnsdiounstbrieafloureseit,irnea6c0hse.sTtohdeaytm,Sovsapnhterhea.sThsevtercahlninodlougsy- (2) Carbon Capture and Storage Hubs–Commercial facilities although not having a Another application example is Air Products. This company possesses solutions for thraiasl-dsecsailgenceadrbaondccaopntustrreupctreodjecatslarngde-csocalllaebsoyrsateiomnst.o capture CO2 from steam methane full-chain (capture, transport and storage) operation; several models are considered, CO2 capture from fossil fuel conversion before it reaches the atmosphere. The technology refocroAmneboristn,hiwenrghaimpchpulaitcripaetlielocncaeptxetudamrewpfilatehcilnsitAitehisre,PoVraoCldeOurocttRsr.aeTfnihsnpiesorcyrotimannpdPaonsrtytorApaorgtsehs;eusrse(TsXso,lUutSiAon).sAfoir 2 has designed and constructed a large-scale system to capture CO2 from steam methane CPrOo2dcuacptstuhraesfraotmecfhonsosillofguyelthcaotnavlerresaidony bsepfoareatiet ,repaucrhifeys athnedatrmanospohretreC.OT2hferotemchnaotluorgayl (3) Pilot and Demonstration Facilities–CO2 is captured for testing, developing or demon- reformers, which are located within the Valero Refinery in Port Arthur (TX, USA). Air has designed and constructed a large-scale system to capture CO2 from steam methane strating CCS technologies/processes; CO2 captured may or may not be transported Products has a technology that already separate, purify and transport CO2 from natural refofromr peresr,mwahniecnht astroeralogcea;tAedcowmitmhienrctihael rVeatulerrnodRuerfiningeroypeinraPtiornt iAs nrtohtuerxp(TeXct,eUd.SA). Air Products has a technology that already separate, purify and transport CO2 from natural Taking into account this classification, actually in Europe (accessed data at 1st of April 2021), there are 13 commercial CCS Facilities, two CCS Hubs (one in The Netherlands and Membranes polymeric (power plants) Transport on-shore & off-shore pipelines PostP-croem-cboumsbtiuosntiaomn iNneGs p(procweessripnlgants) CO2 capture from fossil fuel conversion before it reachePsret-hceomatbmuostsiopnheNrGe. pTrhoecetsescinhgnology has designed and constructed a large-scale system to capture CO from steam methane STarliannes2pforrmt sahtiopnss reformers, which are located within the Valero Refinery in Port Arthur (TX, USA). Air Transport ships Transport on-shore & off-shore pipelines Transport on-shore & off-shore pipelines Products has a technology that already separate, purify and transport CO2 from natural gas reNfoortmes:inBgE,CmCaSncaogrreemspeonntdosf tsoynbigoaesnefrgoymwgiathsifiCcCaSt,ioIGn,CaCndcoorrxeysSfpauoleinldecsfootmormbinautsieotginrosanteidn gmasairfkiceatsion STarliannespforrmt sahtiopnss CCUS CCUS sucohmabsinsetedeclyacnled, EgGlaRssco[6rr2e]s.ponds to enhanced gas recovery, EOR corresponds to enhanced oil re- Notes: BECCS corresponds to bioenergy with CCS, IGCC corresponds to integrated gasification CCUS covTerhye,NGlGobcoarlrCesCpSonIndsttiotuntaetpuraolvgidase;sCaOd2auttaibliazasetionfC(nConU-SEOfaRc)ilrietifelescotspaerwaitdinegraingteheofwteocrhldno.l- combined cycle, EGR corresponds to enhanced gas recovery, EOR corresponds to enhanced oil re- ogies, most of which have been demonstrated conceptually at the lab scale. C–Capture; T–Transport; ThNisotoesr:gBaEnCizCaStiocnoreresstpabonlidshsetsoabsiolaenrgereg-sycawliethinCteCgSr,aItGedCCCcoSrUresfapcoinlidtsietsoininittesgdratteadbagsaesifciocamti-on 1 covery, NG corresponds to natural gas; CO2 utilization (non-EOR) reflects a wide range of technol- U–Utilization; S–Storage. prcisoimngbitnheedccaypctleu,rEe,GtRracnosrpreosrpt,oannddstsotoernahgaenocefdCgOasaretcaosvcearlye,oEfOaRtlceoarsrtes8p0o0nkdtsotfoCeOnhaanncneduaolilyre- ogies, most of which have been demonstrated conceptually at the lab scale. C–Capture; T–Transport; covery, NG corresponds to natural gas; CO2 utilization (non-EOR) reflects a wide range of technol- for a coal-based power plant, or at least 400 kt of CO2 annually for other emission-intensive 22 2PDF Image | Current Developments of Carbon Capture Storage
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