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Energies 2021, 14, 2406 13 of 26 Table 2. Cont. Name Status Country Data Industry Observations CO2 is planned to be captured from the Hydrogen Hydrogen Production & Carbon Capture HyNet North West ED UK Mid 2020s Production plant, and transported, together with captured CO2 from existing nearby industrial sites Langskip CCS–Fortum Oslo AD Varme Norway 2024 Waste Incineratiom It is in construction to capture about 0.4 Mtpa of CO2 by 2024 from its cement production plat in southern Norway; the offshore Aurora area has been evaluated as original storage site and will involve a combined ship and pipeline transportation system. Net Zero Teesside Norway Full Chain CCS Sleipner CO2 Storage The Clean Gas Project ED UK AD Norway O Norway ED UK 2020s 2023–2024 1996 2025 Various Various Natural Gas Processing Power generation Cluster of leading energy-intensive companies to examine the opportunity to build one of Europe’s first CCS equipped industrial zones in Tees Valley, UK; starts with a capture capacity of 0.8 Mtpa, that could grow up to 10 Mtpa; CO2 transported via pipeline to an offshore site in the North Sea Aim of 0.8 Mtpa; Capture CO2 studies are being undertaken by two proponents involved in cement production and a waste-to-energy recovery plant, both in southern Norway; CO2 would be transported via ship and pipeline to an offshore in the Smeaheia area The Spleipner CO2 storage facility was the first (since 1996) in the world to inject CO2 into a dedicated geological storage (located offshore in Norway); Approximately 0.85 Mtpa is injected and over 17 Mtpa has been injected since inception to 2019 Natural gas will be used to generate power via a Combined Cycle Gas turbine gas-fired generation station, with CO2 captured and transported by pipeline for storage in a formation under the Southern North Sea Northern Gas Network H21 North of England AD UK 2026 Hydrogen production H21 aims to convert the UK gas grid from natural gas (methane) to zero-carbon hydrogen Port of Rotterdam CCUS Backbone AD Initiative (Porthos) Netherlands 2023 Various The ambition is to store 2 Mtpa from 2023 on, a total that will run up to 5 Mtpa by 2030 Snohvit CO2 Storage O Norway 2008 Natural Gas Processing CO2 is captured at an LNG facility on the island of Melkoya, Norway; designed to capture 0.7 Mtpa, and CO2 is transported via pipeline back to the Snohvit field offshore, where more than 4 Mtpa has been stored to date since 2008 As demonstrated with the set of works in development presented in Table 2, great efforts have been made to apply capture, storage, and utilization processes in plants. However, there are only a few large-scale CCS plants in operation in Europe so far. This is related to a series of obstacles preventing this technology from being adopted more widely. In most European countries, the nature of the challenges can be political, economic, technical, and social [64–67]. • Political: lack of political commitment with CCS by some member states;PDF Image | Current Developments of Carbon Capture Storage
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