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required steam is at saturated conditions for each required temperature, when no heat integration system is possible among the cooling and heating needs of the process. It is also assumed that cooling water is available at 8 bar and 15 °C, affording a temperature difference of 10 K. Constant ambient air temperature of 20 °C, and atmospheric pressure of 1.013 bar are taken into account. The currency used is EUR 2014, and currency conversion is performed using Eurostat data [55]. The total purchase cost is estimated for carbon steel, and adapted to consider the utilisation of 304 stainless steel, for both plants, by means of a material cost factor of 1.3 [54]. The Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index CEPCI published monthly in the Chemical Engineering Magazine is used to actualise each unit purchase cost, when needed, to July 2014 [56]. The plant is assumed to be built in western Europe (location factor of 104.3 %, to transform the costs from US Gulf Coast basis to western Europe [57]). The production time is 8 000 hours per year. Water Product Oxygen CDU-plant boundaries Product Utilities (electricity, steam, cooling water) Consumables (catalysts, solvents) Electrolyser H2 CCU-plant Off-gases Effluents CO2 purification CO2 compression Non-converted water CO2 capture Utilities (electricity, steam, cooling water) Natural gas reforming or fuel oil partial oxidation CO synthesis + Methyl formate hydrolysis Water Effluents Fossil fuel, others Off-gases Figure 1: Boundaries of the simulated CDU plants towards the boundaries of the most common conventional synthesis processes in Europe, for the purposes of this report. BOX 3 A number of alternative boundary conditions have been selected to make a preliminary determination of the scenario analysed in this report, defined as a "worst case scenario" under the hypothesis that any real project will have lower break-even prices. In order to establish the most expensive configuration (lower NPV) different cases have been calculated, depending on the process units included within the boundaries of the CDU plant. Electrolysis, CO2 compression and CO2 transport were under study: Case 1. Hydrogen is supplied by water electrolysis, the CO2 use and capture plants are at the site (no need of CO2 transport), and the compression of CO2 from atmospheric pressure (for instance, with CO2 coming from a post- combustion capture or from another capture method at atmospheric pressure) to the pressure of the synthesis process is allocated to the utilisation plant. Case 2. Hydrogen is supplied by water electrolysis and CO2 is provided to the CDU plant through pipeline. This pipeline is of 180 km long and has a capacity of 20 Mt/yr. At these conditions, transportation cost is at EUR 1.65/tCO2. CO2 is therefore compressed for transport in the capture plant: CO2 is available at 80 bar (on-shore transport) [58]. 24 CO2PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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