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Case 3. Hydrogen is supplied by a pipeline network: the synthesis and delivery network is formed by the most cost efficient centralised and decentralised producers, considering a range of different technologies, according to the modelling hypotheses and results of JRC-EU-TIMES model (year 2030 and Current Policy Initiative scenario) [40]. The CO2 use and capture plants are at the site and the compression of CO2 from atmospheric pressure to the pressure of the process is allocated to the utilisation plant. Case 4. Hydrogen is supplied by a pipeline network, the CO2 use and capture plants are at the same site and the CO2 is provided at 80 bar (for instance, from pre-combustion capture, or assuming that even if the CO2 is not sent to the pipeline, the capture plant is still in charge of compressing it). Case 5. Hydrogen is supplied by a pipeline network, transport of CO2 from the capture to the CO2 utilisation plant takes place through pipeline, and the CO2 is provided at 80 bar. Summary of the different plant's layout considered to identify the "worst case scenario" for the CDU plant. Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Electrolyser CO2 compression CO2 transport For MeOH and FA plants, Case 1 has the lowest (the most negative) NPV and Case 4 is the one with the highest NPV (the less negative). Among electrolysis, CO2 compression and CO2 transport, electrolysis has the largest influence on the NPV. Transport has only an impact on the NPV of 1-4 %. The difference on NPV among the most expensive case and the cheapest case is a 58 % for MeOH synthesis and a 13 % for FA production. As a result, Case 1, the most expensive layout, is the configuration selected as case study in this report. This option potentially reflects the most conservative scenario (in terms of costs) for the deployment of CDU for fuels synthesis (i.e. combination of CO2 with H2). 2.2 Key performance indicators The mass and energy balances from the model are the starting point to calculate the following selected metrics or KPIs. These represent different aspects of the process which are relevant to the total CO2 emissions of the CDU plant. Note that CO2 equivalent emissions are taken into account in this report. The different indicators are normalised to one tonne of MeOH or FA. 2.2.1 Technological metrics These metrics result directly from the model of the process; CO2 and H2 converted. These two metrics evaluate, the CO2 and H2 that are transformed in the reactor of the synthesis process (CO2convR), and the CO2 and H2 that are transformed into product through the whole process (CO2convP). These are expressed as a percentage of the total amount of CO2 or H2 that enters the process as raw material, as in Eq. (1) and (2). 25PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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