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3 METHANOL 3.1 Market overview and future prospects Methanol is used for the production of several industrial chemicals. The main chemical derivatives produced are formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and dimethyl ether (DME). Methanol transformation into olefins, which can be used to synthesise hydrocarbons, is an emerging sector and is attracting interest from China to produce them from coal [60]. Methanol can be used in direct gasoline blending: among MeOH derivatives, MTBE, DME and biodiesel could be used blended with gasoline and diesel (Directive 2009/30/EC). Demand for MeOH could increase if its use and the use of its derivatives as fuel were encouraged [61]. The global MeOH installed production capacity has been growing since 2009 at an average annual rate of about 10 %, while production has been also growing at a slightly smaller rate, around 7 %, reaching 58 Mt in 2012, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA) [62] or 60.6 Mt according to the Methanol Market Services Asia (MMSA) [46]. Nameplate capacity installed worldwide was 95.5 Mt in 2012 [46] and 98.3 Mt in 2013, with Europe accounting for 3 % of the total [57], [63], [64], mostly located in Germany [57] and Norway [63]. China hosts about 50 % of the world capacity and consumption [65]. European plants in 2013 had load factors around 82 %, while in the United States these were around 74 % [57]. China is expected to see significant growth of MeOH capacities, followed by North America, while European production is expected to remain constant [66]. China dominates not only the global MeOH capacity, but also the world MeOH consumption [65]. Total MeOH production in 2013 in Europe was about 2.5 Mt, while total consumption is estimated to be about 2.62 times the production, with the excess being covered by imports. The main derivative of MeOH is formaldehyde, accounting for 31 % of the world MeOH demand in 2012 [46] and 2013 [65]. The uses of MeOH in direct fuel applications include its conversion into MTBE / tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME), biodiesel, DME and gasoline blending, accounting in total for 37 % of global MeOH demand [46]. The global MeOH demand depends on the demand for the main derivatives. In the next five years, global demand for formaldehyde is expected to grow at an average rate just over 5 %, but the demand of MeOH for fuel applications is expected to rise more strongly at a rate of about 6.5 % [65]. As for gasoline application, MTBE and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) are appropriate octane booster [67]. The demand of MeOH is driven by China, but it is assumed for the context of this work that Europe will follow rates similar to the global ones, even if no installed capacity increase is foreseen. This report refers to the potential of MeOH as fuel. It can be used as a fuel or as a hydrogen carrier, converted into its derivatives or used as a feedstock to synthesise olefins [68]. Its production and use, as a liquid fuel to replace conventional sources of energy, make it especially attractive for emerging economies, like China. The methanol economy has also attracted the attention of the US [1]. However, its production from coal, as is happening in China, may lead to water shortages and increase GHG emissions, thus highlighting the need to find alternative methods of synthesis [69]. Methanol in fuel cells, can be used directly, for instance, in a direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) or further reformed and used in a vehicle, in a stationary site or in a portable device [70]. According to the Methanol Institute [71], the efficiency of DMFC is lower if compared with other fuel cells; so they are targeted at portable applications, where energy and power density are more significant than efficiency. Another study from the Methanol Institute [72] explores the characteristics, advantages and challenges of MeOH used blended with gasoline in internal combustion engines (ICE). Methanol can be blended with gasoline as it is, or further transformed into MTBE and ethanol. Methanol can be indirectly blended with diesel if it is further transformed into biodiesel and DME. 29PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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