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The perspectives for MeOH use in the future are driven by two environmental trends: the desulphurisation of the maritime sector and the increase of renewable energy in transport. The list of projects and initiatives below, highlights the potential of MeOH, Effship project (2009-2013), "Efficient Shipping with Low Emissions". The objective of this project was to identify the best ways of improving the environmental performance of shipping, principally, to reduce sulphur and nitrogen emissions in sulphur emissions control areas (SECA) by 2015-2016, and to deal with the mandatory energy efficiency measures for international shipping adopted by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) [73]. Methanol is a good alternative for accomplishing both objectives. Moreover, new engines using MeOH are proving to be more efficient. Methanol blended with diesel, DME-water blended with diesel or with gasoline, may result in a decrease of sulphur and nitrogen emissions. For further information see the works from Wärtsilä GD [74] and Haldor Topsoe and its “On Board Alcohol to Ether” OBATE concept [75], [76]. SPIRETH (2011-2012), “Alcohol (spirits) and ethers as marine fuel” [77], [78]. As a spin-off from Effship project, the aim of SPIRETH was to test OBATE mixture (MeOH from gasification, DME and water) in a diesel engine. Arrangements for MeOH storage, distribution and handling were installed for the purpose, and risk and safety analyses were carried out, contributing to the start of the development of rules to classify MeOH as a ship fuel. Moreover, this pilot experience led the IMO to draft a safety code for low flashpoint fuels (IGF). The project concluded that it is feasible and environmentally positive to convert ships to operate on MeOH and DME-based fuels [79]. Stena Germanica (on-going). This project is also a spin-off from Effship project. The Stena Germanica sails on the route from Kiel (Germany) to Gothenburg (Sweden). It is the largest ferry in the Nordic region [80]. In March 2015, Stena Germanica became the first commercial ship in the world to run on MeOH as its main fuel [81]. The ferry uses an adapted Wärtsilä engine to work with MeOH and diesel (dual-fuel engine) with marine gas oil (MGO) as back-up. PROMSUS workshop. This event took place in Sweden in May 2014, with the purpose of discussing MeOH engine technology and sustainable MeOH production [82]. Following demonstrations it concluded that [83]: MeOH can be used in Otto engines as well as in diesel engines (with appropriate modifications); it burns with low NOx emissions and particulate; it is totally miscible in water, thus easily degrades in the environment; it can be used in ships because it can be stored in the space usually reserved for ballast water tanks, and MeOH fuelled engines can be more efficient than gasoline or diesel engines. Methaship project is a new German project (2015) that will examine the engineering and the risk and safety of alternative vessels, for cruise ships and ro-pax ferries [84]. Experience in Shanxi province in China highlights the efficient use of 100% (M100) and 85 vol. % MeOH - 15 vol. % gasoline (M85) vehicles. There have been implemented the corresponding service stations which offer MeOH blends. Moreover, the number of refuelling stations is planned to grow. Their experience is used to develop the appropriate MeOH fuel's specifications [85]. EU members, the Netherlands and UK, along with Iceland have specific legislation that allows using MeOH in road transport in higher proportions than the 3 % in volume stated by Directive 2009/30/EC. 3.1.1 Legislation for methanol use For its use as a chemical, the MeOH REACH (registration, evaluation and authorisation of chemicals) consortium was formed by MeOH manufacturers to jointly prepare consistent MeOH registration dossiers [86]. It is currently (2014) not classified according to the classification, labelling and packaging (CLP) regulation although there is a proposal for the classification of MeOH as a 30PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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