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WHICH ACTIONS WOULD ACCELERATE/ENABLE GREATER CDU PENETRATION? CDU technology needs further research and learning by doing, mainly to decrease operating costs and increase the TRL of the technology. Hydrogen synthesis has to be optimised as it is the main contributor to the high costs through electricity consumption (and thus of indirect emissions) of the CDU plants studied. CDU technologies with simpler flowsheets (i.e. integrated conversion of H2 and CO2 in SOEC), consuming less electricity and with lower cooling and heating external needs will have to be developed, or at least, steam from renewable sources will have to be provided. A renewable sector willing to invest in CDU plants as a system of chemical storage for their excess electricity, with CDU plants benefitting from zero price electricity or other win-win conditions. Under these conditions, the scale of the CDU plant will be determined by the amount of electricity that is available. A tailor-made CO2 price. The current study has estimated that under specific conditions, i.e. access to low-cost electricity and lower plant operating costs (i.e. the catalysts price in the FA plant), a price even higher than today could be paid for a tonne of CO2 captured. However, if these conditions are not met, the CDU plant will have to receive an income for using CO2 as raw material. A tailor-made product price. In contrast with the previous point, if the capture plant has to receive an income equivalent to the cost of capturing each tonne of CO2, the revenue that the CDU plant needs could come from a controlled price for the CDU product. Again, under specific conditions (low-cost electricity and lower operating costs), this price could be the same or even lower than current market price. The current study has proved that CDU plants could become profitable. It can be observed that, in order to meet the specific conditions needed to make CDU plants competitive, each specific project, i.e. CO2 source, type of CDU plant, electricity available, etc. is unique, and thus, tailor-made approaches are recommended for CDU projects, including the whole supply chain. WHICH ARE THE MAIN FACTORS THAT WOULD ACCELERATE/ENABLE CDU PENETRATION? The potential for an increase in demand for CDU products is clear. Further development of the CDU market will depend on the CCUS and energy generation sectors, as well as heavy and chemical industries, all of which have to operate in the context of GHG emission-reduction policies. Also the emergent CO2 capture from the atmosphere can become commercially available. For the products that we have analysed, transport powertrains will have an important role to play. Research programmes will also be vital in developing technology, identifying fruitful areas for further research and disseminating results. 66PDF Image | evaluation of CO2 utilisation for fuel production
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