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Energies 2019, 12, 809 3 of 41 Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 42 Like biodiesel, green diesel is a product of biological origin with a reduced impact on the accumulation ofCOpetirnoltehuematdmieoseplhietriesafnredeionfcaornotmraasttictsoopretnraoplehutmhendeiessaenlditpisrofrveiedeosfaroclmeantiecrscormnbaupshttiohnen.eUsnlike 2 and pbriovdideseesl,a hcloewaneevrecr,omgrbeuesntiodnie.sUelnldikoesbinoodtiecsoenl,thaoinwoevxeyrg,egnreaenditehserledforees nitotiscomntoarien sotxaybgle,nnon- andtchoerreofsoivreiatnisdmhaosreashtaebaltein,gnovna-luceorsriomsivlaeratnodphetarsolaeuhmeatdiniegsevla.lGuereseinmdiliaersetol aplesotrohlaesumsupdeierisoerl.cold Greenwdeaietshelrablseohhavasiosrutphearniobricoodldiesweel,aitthderoebsehnaovtiionrctrheansebNioOdixeesmel,isitsidoonessannodt ihnacsreaahseigNhOer cemtainsseionnusmber x andh(CasNa)hwighiecrhcetrtanselantuemsbtoere(CasNie)rwihgnicihtiotrnanisnlaCteIsteongeainsieesr.iFginniatilolyn,ingrCeIenendgineseesl.Fpirnoadlluyc,egdreebny the diesehlypdrorod-upcreodcebsysitnhgehoyfdtriog-lpyrcoecreidsseisnghaosfptriogplyacneeriadsesbhyapsropdroupctanwehaischbyispraogdauscetowuhsifcuheilsoafghaigsehomusarket fuelovfahluigeh.Tmhaisrkfeatcvtamluaek.eTshgirsefeanctdmieaskelespgroredeunctdioiensemlporoedauttcrtaiocntivmeoirneeactotrnaocmtiviecailntecromnsowmhiceanltceormpsared whentocothmepparoedutcotitohne opfrobdioudciteiosenl o[1f 9b,i2o0d].iesel [19,20]. GreeGn redeinesedliescealn cagnenegreanlelyrallbye bperopdruocdeudcedfrofmrombiobmioamssassthtrhoruoguhghfofuorur tetcehchnnoolologgieiess: : a) (a) hyhdyrdor-op-rporcoecsessinsign,g(,b)bc)actatlayltyictiucpugpragdraindginogf soufgsaurgs,asrsta,rscthaerschaensdanlcdohaolclos,h(ocl)st,hce)rmthaelrmcoanlvceorsnivoenrsion (pyro(lpyysrios)lyasnisd) uanpdgruadpignrgadoinf gbiof-obilioa-nodil (acn)dbico)mbaiossmtaossliqtouildiq(uBidTL()BtThLe)rmthoecrhmeomchiceaml ipcraolcpesrsoecse.sses. HydrHoy-pdroc-epsrsoicnegssainimgsaiamtsthaetctohnevceorsnivoenrsoiofnthoefttrhigelytrciegrliydceesriodfesthoefbthioembaisosmoaislsaonildsafantdsifnatsointo satursatteudrahteydrhoycadrboocnarsbtohnrsouthgrhoucagthalycatitcalpyrtoiccepsrsoincegsswinitghwhyitdhrohgyednr.ogTehne. Tcahtealcyatitcaluytpicgruadpginrgadoinfg of sugasrsugaanrds alncdohaolclsohinovlsolivnevsolviqeusildiqpuhidaspehtaescehnteoclohgnioelsogsiuecshsuaschaqauseaoquusepouhsaspehraesfeorrmefionrgm(iAngPR(A).PR). ThermThaelrcmoanlvceorsnivoenrsiniovnolivnevsoltvhesptyhreoplysriosloyfsibsiomf baisosmaansds tahnedptrhoedpurcotidouncotifonbio-fobiliow-ohiilcwh hisictheisn then refineredfiinetdo ginrteoengrdeiensedl.ieFseinl.aFlliyn,aBllTyL, BpTroLcepsrsoecsesinsevsolivnevothlveehtihgehhtiegmhptermatpuerreatguarseifigcastifoicnatoifonthoef the biombaisosmfaosrsthfoerptrhoedpurcotidounctoifonsyonfgasysnwgahsicwhhisicrhicihsirnichHinanHd2 CanOdaCnOdtahnedstuhbesesquubesneqtucehnetmcihcaeml ical 2 synthseysnisthoefsliisquoifdligqrueeidndgrieseenltdhireosueglhthtrhoeuwghellthkenowenllFkisncohwern-TFroispcshcehr-(TFTro)psrcohce(sFsT.)Thperogcresesn.dTiheeseglreen produdciesdelbpyrtohdeuFciesdchbeyr-tThreopFsiscchhmere-TthrodpsicshsomeethtiomdeissrseofmerreetidmaessFrTefgerreedn adsieFsTelg[r2e1e,2n2d].iesel [21,22]. 2. Biomass Feedstocks 2. Biomass Feedstocks Biomass is any organic matter such as wood, crops, seaweed and animal or fish wastes that can Biomass is any organic matter such as wood, crops, seaweed and animal or fish wastes that can be used as a source of energy. Information on the biochemical and chemical compositions of various be used as a source of energy. Information on the biochemical and chemical compositions of various biomass feedstocks is presented in Table 1 [23–25], noting that the values given are representative of biomass feedstocks is presented in Table 1 [23–25], noting that the values given are representative of each feedstock type. According to various studies [26–28] the use of biofuels in the EU reached 564 PJ each feedstock type. According to various studies [26–28] the use of biofuels in the EU reached 564 in 2012 and is expected to reach about 1216 PJ in 2020, accounting more than 90% of the renewable PJ in 2012 and is expected to reach about 1216 PJ in 2020, accounting more than 90% of the renewable energy that will be used in transportation. Biodiesel production by feedstock is summarized for the energy that will be used in transportation. Biodiesel production by feedstock is summarized for the EU, USA and the world in Figure 1 [29,30]. EU, USA and the world in Figure 1 [29,30]. Figure 1. Feedstock inputs for biodiesel production in the European Union (2016), USA (2016) and the Figure 1. Feedstock inputs for biodiesel production in the European Union (2016), USA (2016) and world (2013). Data from Ref. [29,30]. the world (2013). Data from Ref. [29,30].PDF Image | Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies
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