Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change

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Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change ( industrial-biotechnology-and-climate-change )

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Executive summary Carbon dioxide (CO2) has the second-largest direct contribution to the green- house effect of all gases. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has contributed to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Moreover, national CO2 emissions are strongly linked to wealth, and a global strategic goal should be to prevent growth at the expense of sustain- ability. A large proportion of CO2 production arises from industrial activities. Therefore, meeting market demands whilst reducing the impact on climate change is critically important for industry. To meet the challenge of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions, industry has responded in most countries, and as a result GHG emissions from industry have substantially decreased in recent years. However, the targets for reductions are very ambitious, and more remains to be done. Thus the idea of “sustainable growth” has taken hold. New technologies are being developed to counter GHG emissions, and the new industrial biotechnology should be seen as part of the technology toolkit. Industrial biotechnology, based on renewable resources, can save energy and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. It is an embryonic industry, but has already proven its worth in climate change mitigation. It holds much greater promise for the future by avoiding the use of fossil raw materials. It involves the use of enzymes and microorganisms to make biobased products in a diverse variety of industry sectors. The feedstocks are agricultural biomass and organic waste materials, even wastewaters. The new industrial biotechnology arose from international interest in the production of biofuels from a variety of feedstocks. Many countries now have bioenergy strategies and targets. In short order, many supportive policies were developed for the production and utilisation of biofuels, particularly bioethanol. However, very quickly the biofuels boom courted controversy, especially the food versus fuel debate. Now there is a shift in policy towards second generation biofuels using non-food crops as feedstocks. 4 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011

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