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with much higher quantities of energy, using aggressive chemicals, and producing significant amounts of potentially hazardous waste products. In addition, the biotechnological alternatives can deliver productivity improve- ments and can help to reduce the impact of GHG emissions. The feedstock processing and fermentation technologies developed in traditional industries were essential tools for the development of industrial biotechnology solutions for the transformation of agricultural feedstock into biofuels such as bioethanol. The largest share of ethanol production is obtained from sugar cane and corn, which are the crops most utilised by the world’s largest ethanol producers: Brazil and the United States. Today, new technologies are being developed to extract sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The so-called cellulosic ethanol is bioethanol made from lignocellulosic feedstock, meaning agricultural residues such as straw or corn stover. This has significant economic and environmental potential, as biotechnological processes using highly specific biocatalysts and fermentation systems can produce cellulosic ethanol in high yield with GHG emission reductions of almost 95% compared to fossil fuels. In addition to the transport sector cellulosic ethanol can play an important role as a platform compound in the production of green chemicals. For example, ethanol can be converted into ethylene which is the source for one of the most commonly used plastics polyethylene (PE). In Brazil, one of the leading ethanol producing countries, green polyethylene is already being made from bioethanol made from sugar cane. Much of the biofuel growth in the market is driven by supporting policies and measures, such as the establishment of some targets for biofuel use. Although currently the market share of biotechnology-produced biobased chemicals is relatively small, the importance could grow very quickly depending on the substitution potential that biobased materials have compared with their petrochemical counterparts. Some industrial biotechnology processes create the same molecules that are produced petrochemically. In these instances, the substitution could be complete, given that they are price-competitive. Other biotechnological processes lead to the creation of different compounds that have similar functionalities to petrochemical products, and in this case the biotechnology-derived molecules may not be suitable for a complete substitution of their petrochemical counterpart. They may nevertheless occupy or even create a niche within the overall market. 12 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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