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It can be predicted that the growing sugar consumption for the production of (bio)-chemicals will compete with the food and increasingly the biofuel industry. The industrial biotechnology industry should avoid competing with biomass intended for food production. Lignocellulose as carbon source from biomass, plant breeding for industrial purposes and algae production may represent ways to prevent this competition. The concept of biorefineries as a combination of integrated plants addressing: • Processing and fractionation of renewable raw materials. • Transforming feedstocks to various products. • Recycling and integrated valorisation of the products after use where possible is becoming a promising strategy. Finally, synthetic biology represents a very important step forward, since it allows designing chemicals that would not occur by natural pathways. In this sense the tailor-made synthesis of products by modified microorganisms opens new possibilities for the production of chemicals for widely differing purposes. There are compelling reasons to believe that synthetic biology will strongly influence the bioresearch agenda in the 21st century and in fact may be the vehicle that moves biotechnology into the economic mainstream. From incremental to radical innovation During the last decade there has been a tangible shift from incremental innovation in the industrial biotechnology field, where some specific steps in existing technologies were replaced to save energy or to make the overall production process more efficient, towards more radical innovation with the development of new production processes entirely based on renewable resources. This makes industrial biotechnology today one of the rare technologies which might help to radically change production chains in terms of sustainability along the whole product life cycle. Industrial biotechnology techniques were first introduced within traditional industries, such as the food industry, where enzymes and yeasts are used in many food processing techniques, resulting in an increased efficiency and reduced environmental and GHG impact. The experiences developed in the food industry have found application in a number of traditional industries, such as the pulp and paper, leather and textile sectors. Enzymes and microorganisms can carry out processes that traditional manufacturing systems would perform INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011 11PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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