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The importance of converging technologies Researchers and policy makers all have recognised the potential of converging technologies to transform major sectors of the economy, and industrial biotechnology, nanotechnology and information technology are implicit in this potential. Rapid advances in these convergent technologies have the potential to enhance human performance and productivity, e.g. industrial efficiency, revolutionary changes in healthcare, attaining sustainable development, and the mitigation of climate change. Due to the current clean technology boom and the reaction of the market and consumers, the development of “green technologies” that improve energy efficiency, are less polluting and less consuming, is being stimulated. An example is the so-called bio-inspired catalysis, at the boundary between biology and green chemistry.10 Enabling industrial biotechnology at industrial scale: The importance of biorefineries Biorefineries are similar to petroleum refineries in concept. However, biorefineries use biological matter (as opposed to petroleum or other fossil sources) to produce transportation fuels, chemicals, and heat and power. Plastics and ethanol were among the first chemical products to use biorefining methods for production. As the technology advanced, methods using bioconversion entered the arena and advanced methodologies were developed to produce a variety of biochemicals. The latest enabling technologies include synthetic biology and systems biology which bring new production methods to biofuels, renewable chemicals, specialty chemicals, and other bioproducts. The discovery tools of metagenomics and quantitative proteomics are now reaching maturity and are starting to be rolled out from large research institutions to smaller universities and research organisations. A crucial step in developing this industry is to establish integrated biorefineries (Figure 3) capable of efficiently converting a broad range of industrial biomass feedstocks simultaneously into affordable biofuels, energy, and a wide range of biochemicals and biomaterials. Integrated biorefineries are similar to conventional petrochemical refineries in that they produce a range of products in order to optimise use of the feedstock and improve process economics. However, for integrated biorefineries to utilise a range of feedstocks efficiently, significant technology development and financial risk is implied, which increases the capital costs considerably, with the ultimate objective of lowering the operating costs. 14 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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