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A recent report by the World Economic Forum (WEF) concluded that converting biomass into fuels, energy, and chemicals has the potential to generate upwards of USD 230 billion to the global economy by 2020. The report also identified industrial biorefineries as one possible solution that may help mitigate the threat of climate change and the burgeoning demand for energy, fuels, chemicals and materials. The report also concludes that there are still numerous large technical, commercial and sustainability challenges inhibiting – including both technical and commercial as well as sustainability challenges – large scale commercialisation. Bloomberg New Energy Finance recently calculated that the development of this new industry could stimulate innovation and spur economic growth, generating up to EUR 31 billion of revenues per year in Europe by 2020, creating 230 000 man-years of employment. Figure 3. The integrated biorefinery concept Source: Royal Belgian Academy Council of Applied Science, Industrial Biomass: Source of Chemicals Materials and Energy, 2011 (adapted from US DOE). Challenges and recommendations Feedstock competition and land availability Rapid development of first generation biofuels was accompanied by significant and public controversy as the feedstock is the same raw material (e.g. sugars and plant oils) as for food production. In addition biofuels received some of the blame for the food price increase mid-2008, resulting in the “biomass: food versus fuel” slogan. And although agriculture has supplied biomass and crops, INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011 15PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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