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optimising infrastructures and logistics capacities are crucial to ensure that all the biomass that can be mobilised in a sustainable way (both from environ- mental and economic points of view) is actually used. Incentives are also needed for farmers to collect agricultural residues. Another important discussion, although mainly related to biofuels, is the inclusion of GHG emissions-related land use change, both direct (dLUC) and indirect (iLUC), as land conversion can cause large changes in carbon content of the soil and the upper soil vegetation. The principle of iLUC is as follows: when biofuels are grown on existing arable land, current demand for food and animal feed may push these production activities into new areas such as forests or grasslands. Conversion of forest or grassland to agricultural land can lead to very significant releases of carbon to the atmosphere. When this indirect change is also allocated to biofuels, this can have an important effect on the overall GHG balance, when compared to fossil fuels. However the methodology for calculating iLUC emissions is still under discussion as most of the current calculation methods base their reference on a status-quo (e.g. poor agricultural policy in developing countries, lack of protection of valuable nature areas, inefficient use of food and feed products). If real improvements in agricultural policy, and subsequent yield increases in the developing world, or a stricter protection of valuable natural areas and rainforest (for all applications of biomass) are taken into account, this could significantly reduce these iLUC effects12 e.g. CO2 fixation by bacteria or algae as well as CO2 fixation by micro- organisms in soils. Objectives In order to develop and secure a supply of feedstock for industrial biotechnology and the biobased economy, without hindering the production of food for a fast growing world population and without negatively impacting the environment and biodiversity, the following measures are interesting additional pathways by which biotechnology can help mitigate climate change: • Optimise production per hectare of land through increased crop pro- ductivity by developing the crops themselves (traditional crops as well as ‘energy’ or ligno-cellulosic crops), the cropping system and new biorefining technologies to make better use of the biomass. INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011 17PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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