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• Develop and support a reliable upstream supply chain able to mobilise a sufficient level of feedstock for conversion, by investing in local and regional infrastructures and logistical capabilities to allow all biomass, including agricultural, forestry and waste-based raw material, to be utilised. • Introduce specific financial incentives to improve the logistical capabilities to collect and stabilise biomass residues (e.g. agricultural residues and forestry waste). • Develop policy instruments which could secure access to sustainable renewable feedstock, well balanced between bioenergy and biobased products. A higher focus should be put on resource efficiency and climate protection regarding the use of land and biomass flow. Cascading utilisation (the sequential utilisation of renewable raw materials for material and energy uses) could be one option for future support. Research and innovation For industrial biotechnology to meet its promise in climate change mitigation requires large-scale public and private investment in R&D. There is a serious mismatch between the level of private sector investment in industrial bio- technology R&D and the potential market opportunities for the sector. Only 2% of biotechnology R&D went to industrial biotechnology in 2003, while the OECD expects industrial biotechnology to contribute up to 39% of biotechnology’s gross value added (GVA) in 2030. Furthermore, since this figure excludes the potential contribution of biofuels, there is a clear underestimation of the potential share of GVA that industrial biotechnology — and biobased products in general — could deliver. Therefore there is a pressing need to boost research in industrial biotechnologies by increasing public research investment, reducing regulatory burdens to bringing products to market, and by encouraging public-private partnerships. Industrial biotechnology is still a relatively new field and therefore immature; there are major areas of knowledge still to be explored. This presents a bottleneck to greater exploitation, but also offers tremendous opportunities for further research and break-through innovation. Both basic and applied sciences are essential: basic science to develop our fundamental knowledge base, and applied science to introduce innovative products and processes based on this knowledge. In addition, industrial biotechnology is by nature a multi-disciplinary area, comprising biology, microbiology, plant sciences, biochemistry, molecular 18 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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