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Concluding remarks At the heart of the climate change debate is GHG emissions. There is a strong linkage between economic growth and increasing CO2 production. The problem then becomes one of how to break this linkage i.e. to continue economic growth but in a sustainable manner that leads to GHG emissions reductions. Industrial biotechnology is one part of the solution to the problem. It is incumbent upon any new environmentally competitive technology to be also performant and cost-competitive. In its early years industrial biotechnology must be supported financially at a very high level as it competes head-to-head with the oil and petrochemical industries. These are very well established industries that benefit from large economies of scale that would make industrial biotechnology processes and products uncompetitive. The level of support required needs to come from both government and private industry in partnership. To date the United States first generation bioethanol industry provides a good example of how policy measures can change the landscape for a promising technology. Bioethanol has been massively supported by regulation, volume and GHG mandates, public procurement, and private industry has responded positively. For biofuels to continue to be a success requires, amongst other challenges, that the technical challenges associated with the use of agricultural waste materials as feedstock be overcome. The maturation of the integrated biorefinery will go a long way to addressing economic issues. Biobased chemicals and bioplastics lack the national and international policy frameworks at present that have made first generation bioethanol successful. It is assumed that producing chemicals, polymers and liquid fuels by biological processes rather than petrochemical ones, or by including biobased ingredients, should lead to a reduction in GHG emissions as: • Biological processes are more benign than most petrochemical processes (lower temperature and pressure, low water and energy consumption as well as lower CO2 and waste production). • The raw materials for biological processes are renewable, and therefore the products are more likely to be carbon-neutral. INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011 29PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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