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fuels and specialty chemicals manufacturing, textiles and paper, advanced materials and beyond. Impact per sector: case studies Textiles and detergents Laundry and dish washing are among the most energy intensive household activities, requiring the heating of large quantities of water and the consumption of electricity to drive the wash process. Washing machines are one of the biggest consumers of household electricity, and 80% of the electricity for washing laundry is used to heat the water. So reducing the temperature required to effectively clean soiled clothes or dishes can result in significant energy savings and reduced CO2 emissions. Detergent enzymes represent in fact one of the largest and most successful applications of modern industrial biotechnology as one of the main environmental advantages of enzymes is that clothes can be washed at a lower temperature. With the new generation of cold water enzymes, washing temperatures can be reduced to 30°C, without sacrificing cleanliness. Studies show that CO2 emissions can be reduced by 100 g per wash by washing at 30°C rather than 40°C.29 By washing at 30°C rather than 40°C or 60°C, the CO2 savings potential in the United States and Europe alone is around 32 million tons annually, equivalent to the emissions of 8 million cars.30 Natural fabrics such as cotton are normally bleached with hydrogen peroxide before dying. In the classical process, bleaching was followed by at least two rinses in hot water (80-95°C). With the use of an enzyme that degrades residual peroxide during the second post-bleach rinse, water heated to 30-40°C can be used resulting in lower non-renewable energy consumption.31 Another application of enzymes in the textile industry is in the treatment of cotton fibres. Scouring is a cleaning process that removes pectins and thereby assists with the removal of impurities such as waxes and mineral salts from cotton yarns and fabric before dying. Traditionally, scouring involves a number of high- temperature steps with a large consumption of chemicals. Enzymes enable a faster and gentler scouring process with lower energy and chemical consumption. Compared to the traditional chemical process, the enzymatic process reduces temperature from 95°C to 55°C, meaning that there are important energy savings.32 32 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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