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Plastics production Plastics in general are important materials contributing significantly to environmental protection: due to their tailor-made properties (e.g. light weight, excellent insulation ability, tuneable properties for optimum food protection, etc.) they reduce energy use by 26% and GHG emissions (GHG) by 56% across a variety of applications compared to alternatives.33 Besides crude oil, natural gas and coal, biomass is an additional raw material source for plastics (biobased plastics). Depending on the type of biobased plastic, they may contribute up to a 50% decrease in terms of energy consumption and up to 67% savings of CO2 emissions during the production process.34 Depending on the extent to which policies and measures supporting biobased plastics are implemented, the potential GHG emission reductions range between 3.0 and 8.5 million t CO2 eq. by 2020.35 Polylactic acid or PLA, produced from corn starch as a renewable feedstock, is being used in fibres, films, food and beverage containers, textiles, coated papers, and many other applications. LCA data indicate that from cradle to polymer factory gate, PLA requires 30-50% less non-renewable energy and releases 30- 60% less GHG to the atmosphere than the most common traditional plastics.36 Pulp and paper production and bleaching Converting wood into paper is an energy, water and chemical intensive process. The conventional chemical process requires boiling wood chips at around 160 °C before bleaching the pulp with chlorine dioxide. With the application of new biotechnology processes, it is now possible to reduce the energy consumption by 32% used during the bleaching process.37 Chemicals Biotechnology can be used to produce various bulk and fine chemicals that are currently produced from fossil fuel based feedstocks (Figure A1). Biobased substances can also act as building blocks for many other materials provided that they are cost-competitive. Recently a company has developed a patented process to manufacture 1,3 propanediol, the so-called bio-PDOTM, from renewable resources instead of petrochemicals. Bio-PDOTM is one of the first commercial-scale industrial applications of metabolic engineering designed to make a 100% renewable INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES – © OECD 2011 33PDF Image | Industrial Biotechnology and Climate Change
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