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Like many things, ozone can be beneficial or detrimental, depending upon its location. While it is helpful in the upper atmosphere to block UV rays, it is extremely dangerous to life at ground-level. In industrialized nations, manufacturing processes and automobile engines generate large quantities of ozone gas. With a strong breeze the gas is dissipated and cannot accumulate, but on calm days, ozone levels can increase to create smog, potentially making it harmful to the health and well-being of plants and animals (including humans), as well as reducing visibility. Areas such as the Los Angeles basin in California are well known for their smog days. While smog is predominantly ozone, it is technically referred to as phochemical smog, as it also contains other chemical pollutants such as nitrous oxide from vehicle exhausts and volatile organic compounds from paints and other aerosol products. Carbon Dioxide & Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide gas (Fig. 4) is released during the combustion process and as such is naturally released by volcanoes and hot springs, as well as from man-made furnaces and combustion engines. It is also released into the air by living organisms, including humans, as a large component of expelled breath. Fig. 4 A carbon dioxide gas molecule While mammals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, plants perform the opposite process. Plants and algae absorb carbon dioxide in order to produce a sugary substance on which they can feed. (This is referred to as photosynthesis and also requires energy from the Sun.) In addition to absorbing carbon dioxide, the photosynthetic process also releases oxygen as a “waste” product, which ultimately helps clean the air for mammals and produces more oxygen for us to breathe. Unfortunately there are times when the quantity of carbon dioxide produced is greater than that which can be disposed of through photosynthesis. In this situation, the carbon dioxide accumulates in the upper layers of the atmosphere which, if left unchecked, can greatly change the environment in a way that impacts all life on Earth. Sun Some of the solar radiation is reflected by the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface Some of the infrared radiation passes through the atmosphere and out into space Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere About half the solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface Radiation is converted to heat energy, causing the emission of longwave (infrared) radiation back to the atmosphere Some of the infrared radiation is absorbed and re-emitted by the greenhouse gas molecules airspace Fig. 5 The greenhouse effect 4 MUSEUM IN A BOXPDF Image | Making Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide NASA
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