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The Earth is heated by energy from the Sun. In a normal environment, the majority of the Sun’s rays bounce off of the upper layers of the atmosphere and never reach the Earth’s surface. The rest warm the Earth and then rise, with most leaving the atmosphere. With an increased level of carbon dioxide however, that rising heat cannot leave and is forced to stay in the atmosphere, slowly increasing the average temperature of the planet (Fig. 5). This is almost identical to how the glass in a greenhouse works, trapping the Sun’s rays and keeping the air inside the greenhouse warm. During the 20th century, Earth’s average temperature has risen about 1.1°F (0.6°C). Since the 1990’s that rate has accelerated, and NASA scientists have predicted that the globe will continue to warm over the course of the century. NASA’s Langley Research Center’s Science Directorate is a unique NASA organization devoted to discovering how the Earth and its atmosphere are interacting and changing, including what that means for the health of the planet. They search for and create better ways of gathering, measuring and analyzing atmospheric data so that others can better understand and track the effects of human activity on the atmosphere. Although excessive quantities of carbon dioxide are often harmful, there are times when we can put its properties to good use. A perfect example of this is the fire extinguisher. Carbon dioxide gas is heavier than oxygen and as such, it sinks, displacing any oxygen that may be below it. When sprayed onto a fire, the carbon dioxide gas displaces the oxygen (which is required for a fire to burn), smothering the burning object and stopping the fire. Yeast, Peroxide, Baking Soda & Vinegar The activities on the following pages use a variety of household products to demonstrate how O2 and CO2 gases can be produced and detected. The following is a brief explanation as to why these gases are released when combining peroxide with yeast, and baking soda with vinegar. Yeast contains a chemical called catalase whose purpose is to prevent toxins from becoming poisonous by converting them into harmless chemicals. One such toxin is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In order to prevent the yeast from becoming poisoned when coming into contact with peroxide, the catalase converts it into oxygen and water (2H2O2 --> 2H20 + 02). Human bodies also contain catalase which is why we see bubbles after pouring hydrogen peroxide onto a cut. The catalase is preventing our bodies from being poisoned and the bubbles you see are oxygen being released while the liquid, now just water, falls harmlessly away. Baking soda on the other hand (NaHCO3) releases carbon dioxide in a chemical reaction when mixed with vinegar (HC2H3O2). Baking Soda is a base, which in chemistry means it can readily accept hydrogen ions. (In certain scenarios, such as this one, it can also be referred to as an alkali.) Vinegar however is an acid, the opposite of a base. Whenever a base and an acid combine, they react, sometimes explosively, but always producing a different chemical in the process. When baking soda and vinegar combine there is actually a two-stage process that takes place. First, the vinegar reacts with sodium bicarbonate (the primary ingredient in baking soda) to form a mixture of sodium acetate and carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is incredibly unstable however and immediately breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. NaHCO3 + CH3COOH --> CH3COONa + H2CO3 ... and then H2CO3 --> H2O + CO2 or Baking Soda + Vinegar --> Sodium Acetate + Carbonic Acid ... and then Carbonic Acid --> Water and Carbon Dioxide. airspace 5 MUSEUM IN A BOXPDF Image | Making Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide NASA
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