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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Perspective Table 5. Green Motion Methodology Raw material Solvents Hazard/toxicity reagent Reaction Process Hazard/toxicity of product Waste Table 6. Eco-Efficiency Analysis (BASF) Main Impact Categories 1. Raw materials consumption 2. Energy consumption 3. Resulting emissions 4. Toxicity potential 5. Abuse and risk potential 6. Land use Origin Process naturalness Solvent category GHS pictogram Yield No. of steps No. of solvents C economy No. of protection/deprotection steps Overall processing time Category Yes/No Category Pictogram % Number Number % Category Pictogram kg/kg Solid waste Special waste House Building Concept Major Criterion Unit Heating/cooling Pressure/vacuum GHS pictogram E factor Air Water GWP COD ODP BOD POCP NH+4 AP PO34− Emission Categories SO24− Cl− Heavy metals Hydrocarbons methodology continues to be further refined.91 Similarly, if a technology is not at least perceived to have societal benefits it is unlikely to be sustainable. However, one could argue that avoiding toxicity and safety hazards in chemical products and processes, in order to protect both production workers and consumers, are not only desirable environmental goals but are also important societal objectives. Moreover, the weighting of various environmental impact factors can be conducted on the basis of societal considerations. However, it is important to remember that economic and societal indicators are very subjective and vary substantially with the geographical location, the market segment involved, and even from one company to another within a particular industry segment. On the other hand, gauging environmental impact by assigning scores to various environmental criteria, albeit based on quantitative data, is also subjective and can vary very much from one company to another. As Isoni et al.85 put it, “Sustainability is an anthropocentric concept based on human judgement of the delicate balance of social, environmental and economic factors, and as such it is not uncommon to observe trade- offs in borderline situations.” A prime example of a societal factor in sustainability deliberations is the food vs fuel debate that is the subject of an ongoing discussion in the context of fossil-based fuels vs biofuels. The situation has been summed up admirably by Rosillo-Calle:92 “The debate has been for most parts, sterile, driven by moral/ethical, policy concerns, vested interest, and generally, a DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03505 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX and the However, in order to be sustainable, a technology must address all three components of the sustainability triple bottom line: environmental, economic, and societal. ■ FROM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT TO SUSTAINABILITY If a technology is not cost effective, it will not be sustainable in the long term. Indeed, the fact that there is no economic component implicit in green chemistry was always seen as a major shortcoming by industry that preferred, therefore, the more encompassing concept of sustainable development. However, economic assessments are very much dependent on geographical location. The cost of raw materials, equipment, and labor, for example, can vary enormously depending on the location. Moreover, economic comparisons of different technologies must be conducted on a level playing field with no “hidden costs”. This is particularly important in comparing the economics of fossil-based fuels and chemicals with their biobased counterparts (see below). It is also important at the macro-economic level, where the commonly used indicator gross domestic product (GDP)is woefully inadequate for comparing the output of economies of different nations since it does not take the hidden costs of resource depletion and ecological degradation into account. JPDF Image | Metrics of Green Chemistry and Sustainability
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