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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Findings and recommendations 2. CO2-derived chemicals The carbon (and oxygen) in CO2 can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels in the production of chemicals, including plastics, fibres and synthetic rubber. As with CO2-derived fuels, converting CO2 to methanol and methane is the most technologically mature pathway. The methanol can be subsequently converted into other carbon-containing high-value chemical intermediates such as olefins, which are used to manufacture plastics, and aromatics, which are used in a range of sectors including health and hygiene, food production and processing. A special group of chemicals, polymers, are used in the production of plastics, foams and resins. The carbon in CO2 can be used in polymer production by replacing part of the fossil fuel-based raw material in the manufacturing process (Figure 6). Unlike the conversion of CO2 to fuels and chemical intermediates, polymer processing with CO2 requires little energy input, because CO2 is converted into a molecule with an even lower energy state (carbonate). A number of companies are currently operating polymer plants using CO2 as a raw material. Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived polymers IEA 2019. All rights reserved. CO2 can be converted into polymers that can be used in a wide variety of products. Polymer processing with CO2 can be competitive in the market, due to the relatively low energy required for their production and their high market value. Some claim that certain polymers can be made at 15% to 30% lower cost than their fossil counterparts, provided the CO2 used is cheaper than the fossil fuels-based raw material it replaces (von der Assen, 2015). The Chimei Asai facility in Chinese Taipei, a joint venture of Asahi Kasei Chemicals and Chi Mei Corp, has been manufacturing around 150 000 tonnes of polycarbonates per year using CO2 as a starting material for more than a decade (Fukuoka et al. 2007). Although the potential market for polymers is relatively small, early opportunities for polymer processing with CO2 may be available in locations where existing polymer plants can be modified and where fossil fuel prices are high. Potential climate benefits in polymer production depend on the amount of CO2 that can be absorbed in the material, which can be up to 50% of the polymer’s mass (Alberici et al., 2017). For example, a polymer containing 20% CO2 by weight shows life cycle CO2 emissions reductions of 15% relative to the conventional production process (von der Assen, 2015). Similarly to CO2-derived fuels and chemicals, further compliance testing is needed before polymers with high mass percentages of CO2 can enter the market. Figure 6. PAGE | 11 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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