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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Findings and recommendations 3. Building materials from minerals and CO2 CO2 can be used in the production of building materials to replace water in concrete, called CO2 curing, or as a raw material in its constituents (cement and construction aggregates). These applications involve the reaction of CO2 with calcium or magnesium to form low-energy carbonate molecules, the form of carbon that makes up concrete (Figure 7). CO2-cured concrete is one of the most mature and promising applications of CO2 use, while the integration of CO2 in the production of cement itself is at an earlier stage of development. Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials IEA 2019. All rights reserved. CO2-derived building materials can be made from CO2 through a carbonation process. CO2-cured concrete can have superior performance, lower manufacturing costs and a lower CO2 footprint than conventionally-produced concrete. The climate benefits come mainly from the lower input of cement, which is responsible for the bulk of the costs and life-cycle emissions of concrete. Two North American companies, CarbonCure and Solidia Technologies, are leading the development and marketing of CO2 curing technology (CarbonCure, 2019; Solidia, 2019). Quantifying the potential of CO2-cured concrete to reduce emissions remains difficult. CarbonCure reports that the CO2 footprint of concrete can be reduced by around 80%, but these claims have not been verified independently (CarbonCure, 2019). A highly prospective opportunity for early application of these technologies is the market for pre-cast concrete products and ready-mixed concrete that is cured with CO2 and water at the plant before being transported for use in construction. Existing regulations and product standards may stand in the way of early application in certain parts of the market. Updating existing product standards can take up to a decade; multi-year trials must demonstrate safe and environmentally friendly performance. A shift from prescriptive to performance-based standards could facilitate the uptake of novel CO2-derived building materials. In the interim, non-structural applications of concrete for which high mechanical strength is not required (for example construction of roads, floors and ditches) could be a target for early deployment of these new products. Figure 7. PAGE | 12 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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