PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 014
Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Findings and recommendations 4. Building materials from waste and CO2 Construction aggregates (small particulates used in building materials) can be produced by reacting CO2 with waste materials from power plants or industrial processes. Among these are iron slag and coal fly ash, which would otherwise be stockpiled or stored in landfill (Figure 7). Producing building materials from waste and CO2 can be competitive as it offsets the cost associated with conventional waste disposal. Waste materials such as steel slag, bauxite residue and air pollution control (APC) residues are good candidates for conversion into building materials using CO2. Companies in different parts of the world are scaling up businesses using these waste materials; together they consume around 75 kilotonnes (kt) of CO2 annually. The British company Carbon8 uses around 5 kt/yr of CO2 to convert around 60 kt/yr of APC residues into lightweight aggregates as a component of building materials (Carbon8, 2019). The climate benefits of these materials created from waste depend on the energy intensity of the production process and the transport of both the inputs and the carbonate products. Pre- treatment and separation steps can be particularly energy-intensive. The exact potential for reduction of emissions remains difficult to quantify and is case-specific. Carbon8 claims that more carbon is permanently stored during the process than emitted in its manufacture, resulting in a carbon-negative aggregate (Carbon8, 2019). This process also requires multi-year trials demonstrating safe and environmental-friendly performance. Existing regulations, such as the European Union’s End of Waste Regulations, need to be revised to allow the use of certain waste materials. Similarly to using building materials made from minerals, targeting market segments that are more receptive to novel building materials may help build an early market. 5. Crop yield boosting with CO2 CO2 can be used to enhance yields of biological processes, such as algae production and crop cultivation in greenhouses. The application of CO2 with low-temperature heat in industrial greenhouses is the most mature yield-boosting application today, and can increase yields by 25% to 30%. The clear leader in the use of CO2 in greenhouses is the Netherlands, with an estimated annual consumption between 5 and 6.3 MtCO2. Of this amount, approximately 500 ktCO2 per year comes from external sources, mainly industrial plants, with the balance taken from on-site gas-fired boilers or co-generation systems (Alberici et al., 2017). The replacement of these on-site systems with other industrial CO2 sources or with CO2 captured directly from the atmosphere could deliver climate benefits. CO2 use can complement CO2 storage, but is not an alternative CO2 use has the potential to support the development of products and services with a lower CO2 footprint and to contribute to emissions reductions. It can also be a complement to the widespread deployment of CCS, which the IEA has consistently highlighted as a critical part of the portfolio of technologies needed to achieve climate goals. In particular, CO2 use can support investment in CO2 capture opportunities, technology refinement and (in limited cases) early development of CO2 transport infrastructure. PAGE | 13 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
PDF Search Title:
Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissionsOriginal File Name Searched:
putting_co2_to_use.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |