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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Setting the scene What is CO2 use? For this study, CO2 use has been defined as the process of using CO2 as a raw material for products or services with a potential market value. The range of potential applications is very large and includes direct use, where the CO2 is not chemically altered (non-conversion), and the transformation of CO2 to a useful product (conversion) (Figure 9). Most existing commercial applications involve direct use of CO2 (non-conversion), including the production of food and beverages, metals fabrication, cooling, dry cleaning, healthcare, water treatment, fire suppression, and the injection of CO2 in oil reservoirs to enhance oil recovery (CO2-EOR). CO2 is also increasingly used to enhance yields from industrial processes, such as methanol production and crop cultivation in greenhouses. Most applications make use of several unique properties of CO2, including its large heat absorption capacity, stable and non- reactive nature, and its ability to act as a solvent. A future use of CO2 is in supercritical power cycles, where CO2 would replace water as a working fluid, increasing the efficiency of electricity generation. The conversion route has sparked most interest in recent years, including opportunities to develop CO2-derived fuels, chemicals and building materials. There are a large number of chemical and biological pathways for CO2 conversion, many of which are still in an early stage of development but may become technically and commercially available in the future. Simple classification of CO2 use pathways IEA 2019. All rights reserved. CO2 can be used in a broad range of applications involving direct use of CO2 or use through conversion into other products. Figure 9. PAGE | 17 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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