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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis CO2-derived fuels Figure 10. CO2 can be used to produce many of the fuels available on the market today, such as methane, methanol, gasoline and aviation fuels.1 Most fuels have an application in the transportation sector, while some (e.g. methane) can also be used in industry, heating and power generation. CO2-derived fuels may notably be used in sectors for which few low-carbon alternatives exist, such as aviation. The most mature conversion pathways are direct conversion of CO2 (hydrogenation), and indirect conversion whereby the CO2 is first converted into CO (reverse water-gas shift), followed by a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process or methanol synthesis process (Figure 10). The reverse water-gas shift conversion has been successfully demonstrated on a small scale, while the hydrogenation, FT and methanol synthesis processes are technologically mature. The direct conversion of CO2 into methane and methanol is carried out in several places around the world, and it has reached the early commercialisation stage in regions with low-cost renewable electricity. The largest CO2-based fuel plant in operation today is the George Olah Renewable Methanol facility located in Svartsengi, Iceland (CRI, 2019). Other chemical and biological conversion pathways, such as artificial photosynthesis, are still in the research stage. Mature conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates CO2 can be used to produce fuels and chemical intermediates through several conversion routes, but these require significant energy input. Unlike the chemical compounds making up fossil fuels, CO2 is a very stable, non-reactive molecule with a low energy state, meaning that large amounts of external energy must be supplied to convert it into an energy-rich fuel. The conversion pathways that are most technologically mature use energy in the form of hydrogen, while some of the emerging pathways are able to use electricity or even sunlight. Nowadays, most hydrogen is produced 1 Fuels made from CO2 and energy can be referred to in several ways, including CO2-based fuels, carbon fuel carriers, synthetic (hydrocarbon) fuels and electrofuels. In this report, the term CO2-derived fuels is used for the sake of consistency with other CO2 use applications. However, the reader should be aware that CO2 is not the source of energy, but the donor of carbon to create a fuel that is easier to handle and use. IEA 2019. All rights reserved. PAGE | 18 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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