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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis from natural gas and other fossil fuels. This process can be decarbonised by applying CCS. Another production route is the electrolysis of water using low-carbon energy. This technology has attracted increasing interest in recent years, mainly due to spectacular cost reductions in solar PV and wind energy technologies, and the expectation that these technologies will be widely available in the future (IEA, 2019a). CO2-derived chemicals CO2-derived chemicals include a wide range of organic substances, including plastics, fibres and synthetic rubber. A well-established application is in the fertiliser industry, where CO2 is used to manufacture urea. In addition to urea, CO2 can be converted into chemical intermediates, such as methanol, ethylene and propylene, which in turn can be used as a source for a myriad of more complex chemicals. As is the case for fuels, the conversion of CO2 to methanol and methane is the most technologically mature pathway, but requires considerable electricity input. A special group of chemicals are polymers, which are used in the production of plastics and resins. CO2 can be used in the manufacturing process by replacing part of the fossil-based feedstock (Figure 11). Some polymers can contain up to 50% CO2 by weight. Unlike the conversion of CO2 to fuels and intermediate chemicals, the use of CO2 in polymer manufacturing does not require much energy input for the conversion process, because the energy is provided by the fossil feedstock in the polymer molecule that is not replaced by the CO2. A number of companies, such as Asahi Kasei Chemicals, Chi Mei Corp and Covestro, are producing polymers using CO2 (Fukuoka et al. 2007; Covestro, 2018). Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived polymers IEA 2019. All rights reserved. CO2 can be converted into polymers, which can be used in a wide variety of products. CO2-derived building materials CO2 can also be used in the production of concrete. Concrete is a mixture of cement, water and solid aggregates, such as sand and gravel. CO2 can be used to replace water during the mixing of the components, called CO2 curing; as a feedstock to produce aggregates; and in cement production. All applications involve the reaction of CO2 with calcium or magnesium minerals to form carbonates, which is the form of carbon that makes up concrete. Carbonates have an even lower energy state than CO2. Aggregates can be produced by reacting CO2 with Figure 11. PAGE | 19 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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