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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis waste materials from power plants or industrial processes, such as iron slag and coal fly ash, which would otherwise be stockpiled or stored in landfill.2 As in the case of polymers, no external energy input is required for the actual conversion process, although some processes require considerable amounts of energy for the handling and preparation of the input materials, such as waste materials and minerals, or to speed up the CO2 conversion process to industrially acceptable rates. Carbonation reactions have much lower CO2 use rates than fuels and chemicals, but do provide for long-term retention of carbon in carbonate form. The most mature applications are CO2-cured concrete and aggregates production from either natural minerals or waste materials (Figure 12). Two North American companies, CarbonCure and Solidia Technologies are leading the development and commercialisation of the CO2-curing process, with CarbonCure now operating at 150 facilities in the United States (Edelstein, 2019; Solidia, 2019). The development stage of waste-based aggregates depends on the type of waste material, ranging from the research to early commercialisation stage, for example Carbon8, which is producing lightweight aggregates from municipal air pollution control (APC) residues in the United Kingdom (Carbon8, 2019). Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials IEA 2019. All rights reserved. CO2-derived building materials can be made from CO2 through a carbonation process. Where is CO2 being used today? The global demand for CO2 in 2015 was estimated to be approximately 230 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 (IHS Markit, 2018) (Figure 13).3 Of this, by far the greatest consumer globally is the fertiliser industry, where around 130 MtCO2 per year is generated in ammonia production and used on-site to manufacture urea (IEA, 2019a). The largest user of externally sourced CO2 is the 2 Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (iron slag) and coal fly ash can also be used as a binding material in concrete, thereby partly replacing cement. This is not a CO2 use application. 3 This number includes both internally and externally sourced CO2. Internally sourced CO2 refers to processes where CO2 is produced and captured in a chemical manufacturing process, and ultimately consumed in a later process step; the most important example is integrated ammonia-urea plants. Externally sourced CO2 refers to CO2 that is external to the process and needs to be captured. Figure 12. PAGE | 20 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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