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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis catalysts are typically product-specific, the availability and price of hydrogen and CO2 are relevant for multiple CO2-derived product groups and will be key determinants of the final cost of these products. Therefore, these are discussed in further detail below. The price and availability of hydrogen Figure 17. If CO2-derived fuels or chemical intermediates that require hydrogen are to contribute to climate change mitigation, hydrogen has to be produced in a low-carbon manner. The main production route today is steam methane reforming (SMR) using natural gas, but this pathway results in around 10 kgCO2 per kgH2. This process can be decarbonised by applying CCS, which would result in production costs of around USD 1.5-2.5/kgH2 (40-90% higher than conventional SMR production), but depends on availability of suitable geological storage sites (IEA, 2019a). Electrolysis using renewable electricity can also produce low-carbon hydrogen, with costs in the range of USD 2.5-6/kgH2. The competitiveness of clean hydrogen from natural gas with CCS or from renewable electricity (from solar PV or onshore wind) mainly depends on capacity factor and gas and electricity prices (Figure 17). In the short term, hydrogen production from fossil fuels will remain the most cost-competitive option in most regions around the world. Nevertheless, already today, in countries with good renewable resources but dependent on natural gas imports, producing hydrogen from renewables may be more attractive than natural gas SMR with CCS. In regions with cheap domestic gas or coal resources and availability of CO2 storage, production from natural gas or coal may be the more attractive option. In addition to price and availability of resources, local hydrogen transmission and distribution costs might play an important role in the market price for delivered hydrogen as well. Overall, the future hydrogen price will vary widely from region to region. Comparison of hydrogen production costs from electricity and natural gas with CCS in the near term 5 4 3 2 1 0 Electrolysis, 30% capacity factor Electrolysis, 50% capacity factor Electrolysis, 70% capacity factor Natural gas with CCS, 11 USD/MBtu Natural gas with CCS, 3 USD/MBtu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Electricity price (USD/MWh) Notes: CAPEX: electrolyser USD 700/kWel, SMR w CCS USD 1 360/kWH2; full load hours of hydrogen from natural gas 8 300 h; efficiencies (LHV): electrolyser 70%, gas with CCS 69%; capture rate for gas with CCS of 90%; discount rate: 8%. Source: IEA (2019a), The Future of Hydrogen: Seizing Today’s Opportunities. Depending on local gas prices, electricity at USD 10/MWh to USD 40/MWh and at full load hours of around 4 000 h is needed for water electrolysis to become cost competitive with natural gas with CCUS. PAGE | 30 IEA. All rights reserved. USD/kg H2PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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