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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Regions that are less endowed with renewable resources, such as Japan, can import low-carbon hydrogen from regions with good solar or wind resources, such as Australia. IEA analysis shows that hydrogen imports can be substantially cheaper than domestic production for a number of supply routes, including from Australia to Japan, especially if hydrogen is incorporated into ammonia during transport (IEA, 2019a). The price and availability of CO2 CO2 needs to be captured, purified and transported. The costs of CO2 capture and purification vary greatly by point source, ranging from USD 15 to 60/tCO2 for concentrated CO2 streams, USD 40 to 80/tCO2 for coal and gas-fired power plants, to over USD 100/tCO2 for small, dilute point sources (e.g. industrial furnaces) (Table 1). Capturing CO2 directly from the air is the most expensive method, with costs reported in academic literature ranging from roughly USD 94 to 232/tCO2, as it implies a much greater energy input than CO2 capture from concentrated point sources (Ishimoto et al., 2017; Keith et al., 2018).6 Over time, capture costs are expected to decrease for most of these applications as a result of technological learning that would arise from wide deployment. Most of the indicated cost figures apply to large-scale CCS applications. The volumes of CO2 anticipated for CO2 use applications are much smaller and could increase capture cost. Table 1. Selected CO2 capture cost ranges for industrial production CO2 source CO2 concentration [%] Capture cost [USD/tCO2] Natural gas processing 96 - 100 15 - 25 Coal to chemicals (gasification) Bioethanol Ethylene oxide Hydrogen (SMR) Iron and steel Cement 98 - 100 98 - 100 98 - 100 30 - 100 21 - 27 15 - 30 15 - 25 25 - 35 25 - 35 15 - 60 60 - 100 60 - 120 Ammonia 98 - 100 25 - 35 Notes: Some cost estimates refer to chemical sector and fuel transformation processes that generate relatively pure CO2 streams, for which emissions capture costs are lower; in these cases, capture costs are mostly related to further purification and compression of CO2 required for transport. Depending on the product, dilute energy-related emissions, which can have substantially higher capture costs, can still make up an important share of overall direct emissions. Costs estimates are based on capture in the United States. Hydrogen refers to production via steam reforming; the broad cost range reflects varying levels of CO2 concentration: the lower end of the CO2 concentration range applies to CO2 capture from the pressure swing adsorption off-gas, while the higher end applies to hydrogen manufacturing processes in which CO2 is inherently separated as part of the production process. Iron and steel and cement capture costs are based on ‘Nth of a kind’ plants, reflecting projected cost reductions as technology is applied more broadly. Iron and steel and cement costs are based on capture using existing production routes – however, innovative industry sector technologies under development have the potential to allow for reduced costs in the long term. The low end of the cost range for cement production applies to CO2 capture from precalciner emissions, while the high end refers to capture of all plant CO2 emissions. For CO2 capture from iron and steel manufacturing, the low end of the cost range corresponds to CO2 capture from the blast furnace, while the high end corresponds to capture from other small point sources. Costs associated with CCUS in industry are not yet fully understood and can vary by region; ongoing analysis of practical application is needed as development continues. SMR = steam methane reforming. Source: Analysis based on own estimates and GCCSI (2017), Global Costs of Carbon Capture and Storage, 2017 Update; IEAGHG (2014), CO2 Capture at Coal-Based Power and Hydrogen Plants; NETL (2014), Cost of Capturing CO2 from Industrial Sources. 6 Capture costs reported by direct air capture start-up companies and technology providers are in the range of USD 10/tCO2 to USD200/tCO2, which is significantly lower than values in the academic literature (Ishimoto et al., 2017). However, as the assumptions underpinning these cost estimates are often not available, these claims cannot be substantiated. One possible (partial) explanation for the discrepancy in costs is that companies and academics are examining different system designs. PAGE | 31 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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