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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Figure 25. Mature conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials CO2 can be converted into polymers, which can be used in a wide variety of products. Are CO2-derived chemicals scalable? The large size of the market for carbon-containing chemicals represents an important opportunity for CO2-derived chemicals, especially because of the need to reduce the use of fossil feedstocks. A large share of these organic chemicals can be produced by using CO2-derived methanol as a chemical building block. Recent data on the global market size of baking soda and soda ash is limited, but is estimated to be around 2.5 Mt/yr and 55 Mt/yr, respectively (Merchant Research & Consulting, 2015; Alberici et al., 2017). To fulfil the global annual demand with CO2-derived soda carbonates, some 0.7 MtCO2 (baking soda) and 12.0 MtCO2 (soda ash) would be required.14 CO2-derived polycarbonates can replace their fossil counterparts, which are usually further processed into other polymers. A promising application of polycarbonates is in the upgrading to polyurethane, which is used in foams, coatings and other products. The global market for polyurethane is expected to reach 22.0 Mt in 2018, based on a compound annual growth rate of 7.5% between 2015 and 2020 (MRS, 2016). Over time, early stage applications of CO2 use in polycarbonates may open up new markets, such as elastomers, rubbers and coatings. There are no technical constraints to produce 3.6 Mt of methanol or 20 Mt of polyurethane,15 which would individually correspond to the use of 10 Mt of CO2. As for the fuel market, significant amounts of low-carbon electricity would be required for the production of CO2- derived methanol. Producing all primary chemicals from CO2 would have large implications in terms of energy and raw material requirements (Box 7). 16 14 Based on a CO2 use rate of 0.26 tCO2 per tonne of baking soda and 0.21 tCO2 per tonne of soda ash. 15 The market for polyurethane is just large enough to absorb 10 Mt of CO2-derived polycarbonates. If needed, other polymer markets can absorb polycarbonates as well. 16 “Primary chemicals” is the collective term for ammonia, methanol, olefins and aromatics. IEA 2019. All rights reserved. PAGE | 50 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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