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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Box 7. Producing all primary chemicals from CO2: how much electricity and raw materials would be needed? The substitution of fossil fuels with CO2 as a raw material for chemicals production entails the consumption of considerable amounts of resources. Many process routes require significant energy to generate hydrogen for the transformation of CO2, particularly where electrolysis is used. In addition to electricity, water and CO2 are needed for the production of CO2-derived chemicals. The IEA carried out a thought exercise, or “what if” analysis, in order to get a sense of the order of magnitude of the CO2, electricity and water needs to meet primary chemical demand in the future. Primary chemicals is the the collective term for ammonia, methanol, olefins and aromatics. In this exercise, methanol and ammonia are made from electrolytic hydrogen and used as a chemical building block to produce an array of end-use chemicals. The analysis was not part of a scenario, but was undertaken as a separate exercise. To fulfil the global primary chemical demand, some 1.4 GtCO2 would be required in 2030. If primary chemicals sourced from the refining sector are also included, this figure would further rise to approximately 2.3 GtCO2. To put these quantities into perspective, the combined direct CO2 emissions of energy-intensive industries, excluding the chemicals sector, are projected to make up around 4.2 GtCO2 by 2030 in the CTS (IEA, 2018c). Approximately 11.7 petawatt hour (PWh) of electricity is required in 2030, of which approximately 75% is consumed by electrolysers for the production of hydrogen. The remainder is primarily used to convert methanol into end-use chemicals. If primary chemicals sourced from the refining sector are also included, some 17.4 PWh are required by 2030. To put these figures into perspective, the current global electricity generation is 26.7 PWh, while the projected electricity consumption for the industrial sector is 1.6 PWh by 2030 in the CTS (IEA, 2018c). A complete shift to a CO2-based global primary chemical supply would therefore require many times the 2 336 gigawatts (GW) of currently installed global renewable generation capacity, especially because many renewable power technologies have low utilisation factors. At the same time, the electrification of the primary chemicals supply could represent an opportunity to enhance flexibility in the electricity grid. The large fleet of electrolysers could be used to reduce load (ramping down) or absorb surplus supply of electricity (ramping up). In addition to very large increases in global electricity demand, replacing fossil feedstocks for chemicals production with CO2 would have a significant impact on water consumption. In the “what if” analysis, feedstock water consumption for the production of primary chemicals is 2.2 Gt, which is around three and a half times greater than in the CTS in 2030. The high water intensity of CO2-derived chemicals could be a constraint for areas with limited water availability. A careful selection of the location for electricity-based hydrogen production capacity would therefore need to consider access to local water resources. The use of sea water as a feedstock for electrolysis could help avoid water stress issues, provided this technology could be further developed and become cost effective. Water desalination and purification is another way to make use of sea water and avoid any contribution to water stress issues, but is an energy- intensive process in itself. PAGE | 51 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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