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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Electricity and raw materials requirements for production of chemical intermediates CTS Primary chemicals from the chemicals sector 20 5 Primary chemicals from refining 16 4 12 3 82 41 00 CTS CO2 pathway Electricity CTS CO2 pathway Feedstock water CTS CO2 pathway CO2 Notes: CTS = Clean Technology Scenario. The CTS numbers apply to: chemicals sector (category Electricity), primary chemical production (category Feedstock water) and energy-intensive industries (cement, iron and steel, pulp and paper and aluminium, but excluding the chemicals sector) (category CO2). The energy required to produce primary chemicals from refining is estimated based on the average energy intensity of end-use chemical production in 2017. Source: IEA (2018c), The Future of Petrochemicals: Towards a More Sustainable Chemical Industry. Some 17.4 PWh of renewable electricity, 2.2 Gt of feed water and 2.3 Gt of CO2 would be needed to satisfy all primary chemical demand with CO2-derived chemicals in 2030. * The CTS embodies a vision to reduce global energy- and process-related CO2 emissions by almost 75% in 2060, relative to today. Further information can be found in IEA (2018c). Under what conditions would CO2-derived chemicals be competitive? Most commodity chemicals have highly optimised production chains and low profit margins, thus making it difficult for CO2-derived chemicals to compete. As for CO2-derived fuels, low- cost renewable electricity and significant cost reductions along the value chain are needed to make CO2-derived methanol competitive. Willingness to pay for CO2, however, is expected to be higher than for fuels due to the higher value of chemicals per tonne of CO2 used. The production costs of CO2-derived soda ash and baking soda are unclear. A public study indicated production costs for CO2-derived soda are between USD 800-1500 /t, which is several times higher than the market price (USD 200-350 /t) (ADEME, 2014; Trading Economics, 2019).17 One of the main cost drivers is electricity needed for the electrolysis of the salt solution. CO2-derived polymers are expected to be more competitive in the market, due to the relatively low energy requirements for their production and their high market value. Some claim that 17 Basedonaconversionrateof0.78GBP/USDfortheyear2017(OECD,2018). PAGE | 52 IEA. All rights reserved. PWh GtPDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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