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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis The climate benefits of CO2-derived polycarbonates depend mainly on the percentage of CO2 that can be absorbed. For a polycarbonate containing 20% by weight of CO2, life-cycle CO2 emissions reductions of 15% relative to the conventional production process from fossil-based feedstock have been reported (von der Assen, 2015).18 Larger emissions reductions are possible when low-carbon energy is used; in fact, climate benefits could even exceed the amount of CO2 incorporated in the molecule, due to the displacement of energy-intensive epoxides as raw material (Artz et al., 2018). The climate benefits of CO2-derived baking soda or soda ash have not been considered in literature or in publicly-available studies. What are the regulatory requirements? Chemicals from CO2 will have to meet industrial quality standards and regulations on safety. The properties of CO2-derived materials may differ slightly from conventionally produced chemicals and have an impact on downstream processes (Alberici et al., 2017). Extensive testing and official approval by government agencies is needed before these chemicals can be used, or be accepted, by companies as a building block for their end-use applications. Table 4. Scaling up to a 10 MtCO2 market for CO2-derived chemicals Technology No major technological breakthroughs needed. Scalability The chemicals market is large enough to absorb around 3.6 Mt of methanol, 20 Mt of polyurethane or 48 Mt of soda ash, which each correspond to the conversion of 10 MtCO2/yr. Production capacity for chemicals and low-carbon hydrogen is needed; existing polymer production capacity can be used in some instances. Significant amounts of low-carbon energy are required for methanol production. Competitiveness CO2-derived methanol is currently not competitive with fossil counterparts in most regions of the world. Low-cost renewable energy is a prerequisite. Some CO2-derived polycarbonates may already be competitive with their fossil- based counterparts. Climate benefits Low-carbon hydrogen is essential to achieve climate benefits for CO2-derived methanol. The climate benefits of baking soda and soda ash remain unclear. Climate benefits for polycarbonate depend mainly on the percentage of CO2 that can be absorbed. Regulation and other issues Industrial quality standards and regulations on environment and safety are required. Extensive testing and official approval by government agencies are required to allow use in end-use applications and create acceptance in industry. CO2-derived building materials from natural minerals What are CO2-derived building materials? CO2 can be used as an input in the concrete production process. In principle, CO2-derived concrete could be used for the same applications as conventional concrete, provided the 18 Lignite-fired electricity was assumed to be used in the reference case. PAGE | 54 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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